Relationship among Economic Growth, Inflation and Stock Market Dissertation

Relationship among Economic Growth, Inflation and Stock Market Return-----Empirical analysis on UK - Dissertation Example The information aids in investment and capital budgeting decisions. The stock returns significantly interact with other economic determinants or macroeconomic variables. Major determinants include interest rates, inflation, and the country’s GDP. According to Franc and Young: â€Å"A positive relationship between stock prices and exchange rates with direction of causation running from exchange rates to stock prices can be explained as follows: a domestic currency depreciation makes local firms more competitive, leading to an increase in their exports† (Franck and Young, 1972). The macroeconomic environment is in a constant state of change. Inflation and economic growth are the two key elements that influence contemporary macroeconomic performance. Variables which served as tremendous indicators or assessment tools yesterday can mean nothing today. So many factors die and are born, economists must first commit to keep up with changes of the times. The market capitalizati on provides a current outlook of where the agency is financially in the market. â€Å"Market capitalization is calculated by multiplying a company's shares outstanding by the current market price of one share. The investment community uses this figure to determine a company's size, as opposed to sales or total asset figures† (Value Click, 2013). Macroeconomic potential outputs cannot consider unforeseen determinants including the environment or supply and demand. However, the variables serve as an outline at best, comparing the actual from the potential. Multiple regression uses independent variables to calculate values for one variable. The interpretations of the data serve four major purposes (Thomas, 2006): recognize the components of a changing landscape, expose the needs imposed by the change, and empower to adapt to the changes in the market. A regression analysis of market rates with determinants as the variables measure the impact of the determinants on the UK exchang e rates over time. Stock market return rates over time are a reflection of the mentality of the government, investors and the commonwealth of a country. Any indicators, variables or determinants of exchange rate movements can be linked to at least one, if not all three of these groups. Exchange rate volatility is expensive because fluctuations suggest instability. It suggests impending inflation or a rise in interest rates. Whether either of the events will actually happen does not matter. Just thinking they will is sufficient to stop investors from investing and consumers to stop spending. Inflation, interest rates and the financial health of a country are the output of the thinking processes of its people. These three determinants, with a focus on the stock market of the United Kingdom (UK), will be the focus of this study. Price stability also has a prominent effect on economic growth, thus influencing exchange rates. Economists generally accept that there is a positive relations hip between the stock market and economic growth. Therefore, the discussion on the relationship of the stock market return, economic growth and inflation is of high significance both for practice and development. Many economists have used basic economic theories, and conducted empirical study on their relationships. For the purposes of this study, the stock market data from the United Kingdom

Kant's Miscarriage of All Philosophical Trials in Theodicy Essay

Kant's Miscarriage of All Philosophical Trials in Theodicy - Essay Example This paper presents a critique of the Miscarriage of All Philosophical Trials in Theodicy. In his essay, Kant starts by stating that the occurrence of sin on earth disrupts three main attributes of an almighty God.   Kent questions all efforts to think against the question of evil in the essay. In this essay he looks at the holiness of God, secondly, he looks at God’s goodness as a ruler, and God as a judge. These are the major questions in this essay. In the essay, he argued that great intelligence could not be comprehended by an individual’s thought because he perceives it to be higher (Firestone and Palmquist, 2006). According to him, he was right because an individual cannot comprehend supersensible objects within the environment (Firestone and Palmquist, 2006).   From the essay, this cannot be said to be a justification. Therefore, individuals cannot justify God, and they need to understand that thought cannot give accurate responses to God’s justifications.In the essay, there is nothing as counter-purposiveness, which are individual laws that violet human rights. An individual cannot stand for the truth he or she says. However, an individual must always stand for the truth of God’s holiness. It’s this holiness that guides an individual’s consciousness.      In his essay, Kant claims that a human being is only good so long as he or she stays away from sins and deception, or any form of individual deception. He used this thought following individual consciences, because when one behaves without sin he, or she is a good individual. This is challenging because it does not answer the question of holiness. Kant only talks about an individual tendency to deception, and not an individual’s pure reason.  

Design Strategy of Obamas Campaign

Design Strategy of Obamas Campaign Introduction To what extent did the design strategy of Obamas campaign contribute to his mass popularity and victory in 2008 followed by a radial shift in public opinion by the end of 2010? Research methods Interview the creative director of the campaign to gain a concise overview of what was required of the design team. Find out any specific communication strategies that might have been imposed on them and explore the reasons behind their design choices (colors, fonts, use of imagery, layouts etc). Investigate if any strategic marketing techniques were used to promote Obama the same way a mass consumption product would be sold. Research all journals, dissertations and articles relating to the topic of political campaign strategies, design strategies, and communication techniques. Search news articles for pundit reviews and opinions of campaign success and current backlash. Conduct a thorough analysis of the Designing Obama book that contains the entire design strategy used by Scott Thomas. Limitations of study Due to the fact that this is a very recent event the amount of detailed and concise publications based on the topic are scarce. The bulk of the research will have to rely on Internet sources of news articles, pundit blogs and a search for relevant dissertations published by the academic community. Organization of the dissertation To what extent did the design strategy of Obamas campaign contribute to his mass popularity and victory in 2008 followed by a radial shift in public opinion by the end of 2010? Answered via the following arguments: Social landscape of America conducive to political advertising Cult of personality formation via harnessing of mass media Misleading and subliminal influence of design Expectations of the public too high from ambiguous and contradictory communication Main Body Setting the scene America in 2008 was not the beacon of hope it had once been. There was rising unemployment and a financial crisis that had brought the countrys economy crashing down. Poverty was increasing rapidly and people were loosing homes due to foreclosures. The country was massively unhappy that America was still participating in the Afghanistan conflict and to top it all, there had been 8 years under the Bush administration that had seen its lowest approval ratings of all time (below 40%). Running parallel to this was an America that had become so utterly saturated by marketing that this was one of the only facets of communication people would respond to (research to prove this?). Describe the average american experience? (how often they see ads, how well they respond). The huge obsession with celebrity culture in combination with the growing global social networks had made it too easy to give rise to a cult of personality. America was begging for change at this point, which left them susceptible to intelligent marketing and design strategies. It was against this backdrop that in the run up to the 2008 Presidential Election support and enthusiasm for Obama was increasing at a dramatic rate culminating in a frenzy by the time of his victory and inauguration in January 2009. Building trust through consistent design From the very beginning of the campaign the design team knew they would have to subdue the public perception of Obamas inexperience via his visual presentation. The strategy used was to implement the timelesshes already president feel (vimeo) into his brand image. The use of consistency was vital as one thing that design can solve with consistency is [to] establisha sense of balanceit can also reallygive the visual impression that hes incredibly experienced. (vimeo). fig1. Expert use of consistency in the visual communication makes Obama seem organized, experienced and competent. Thomas (2010, p. 78) Because of their evocative power, design and branding elements can create a stable bond between voters and the candidatewe wanted to elicit the feeling that he was a familiar figure whose attributes and values they could relate to and trust. Talk about logo, consistent branding, Thomas (2010) You can use good design and to a certain degree it blurs the lines a bit. Another strategy to distract from Obamas inexperience was to emphasize how historic the campaign was. Rather than simply stating this in the communication the entire aesthetic was designed around old archival materials. We wanted to pull from imagery of the past to communicate the historic nature of the campaign (vimeo). fig2. Certain information was designed using real historical documents found in local archives for an authentic vintage feel. This strategy not only highlighted the importance of the campaign but also using imagery that resembled historical documents, like the original declaration of independence, elicited a sense of patriotism and American sentiment, which could have a strong subliminal effect. Obamas cult of personality A cult of personality arises when an individual uses mass media, propaganda, or other methods, to create an idealized and heroic public image (Wikipedia, 2008). By the end of Obamas campaign it was clear that this was beginning to become reality. Imagery of Obama appeared in galleries, on billboards and around the city as street art or graffiti, the vast majority of it in full support of him. In addition there were huge varieties of Obama merchandise being sold by independent street vendors all over the country. Social networks were buzzing with his name, independent bloggers were watching his every move and grassroots events, using the same Obama visual design for flyers and posters, were happening on a daily basis. Even though the visual tapestry of Obama that had been weaved across the country was a collaborative effort from hundreds of individual contributors outside the reach of brand control, it still maintained high levels of visual consistency. This was due to the highly effi cient and transparent branding principles that required only the use of the Obama logo and typeface to make any visual production appear part of the overall marketing strategy. To a rock solid and seasoned democratic or republican supporter the choice of political candidate would still have been easy. But for a younger or less convicted voter with no solid viewpoint (research suggests there are more and more of these people) they could be susceptible to communication based on persuasion in which voters, lacking enduring political convictions, are induced to support a particular candidate or party at election time. (Swanson, 2004). This would be particularly effective given the cult of personality bestowed upon Obama by the media coverage of him and from his rock star status fuelled by regular endorsements from celebrities and musicians. fig3. Obama featured in a music video by the black eyed peas that turned his slogan into an anthem It is possible that due to this Obama frenzy it had become fashionable to be an Obama supporter and the thought of not voting for a candidate that was fresh, young, creative, energetic, and whose very ideals were adorning the city, seemed worthy of ridicule. Cause youll be real embarrassed if he won and you wasnt down with it. (Chris Rock) Leverage of technology to increase reach Vote for Obama making the voting process easy should in practice enable all the people with clear convictions to vote for the candidate they know they want. In reality it allows undecided voters to choose a candidate they may not really believe in but vote anyway via peer pressure, cult of personality, ease of use wht not? This results in inaccurate assumptions of public opinion being drawn from the poll. Transparency of brand all brand assets available for download so anyone can create visuals that resemble the official Obama brand material. This creates a sense of solidarity with the brand. And the subsequent result is an impression that the brand is literally everywhere as the entire grassroots movement is branded and appears to be part of the overall design strategy. Boundary destruction versatility of the logo allows it to be tailored to any group who want to be associated with Obama or simply show their support. The broken boundaries create a sense of solidarity and add to the impression of world wide brand saturation. A False Revolution In order to allow the global community of artists to contribute, the campaign team initiated the Artists For Obama poster series. According to Thomas (2010, p. 127) [the] idea was to invite artists to participate in the creation of a new kind of campaign poster, one that would be the expression of the individual artist rather than a reiteration of campaign materials. The first contribution to this initiative was a poster by Shepard Fairey and to many, his invitation seemed counter intuitive. He is a well-known street artist who has built his fame on defacing public buildings and creating work with huge anti-establishment connotations. His campaign poster has been deemed the most iconic image of Obama ever created, yet its unclear if the visual of Obama above the word HOPE was intended to be ironic. fig4. A contrast between Shepard Faireys previous anti-establishment aesthetic and the Obama poster. To most people this poster symbolized the revolution that was coming but considering the lost enthusiasm following Obamas presidency the question is if this powerful image created a false anticipation of revolution in the minds of the American people. Thomas (2010) Ive kind of heard that tone, whereShepard Faireys posterhad this very anti-establishment aesthetic that could have played into the minds of those that thought this was going to be a revolutionchanging Washington DC from the inside out. Since the Obama frenzy has subsided it is clear that the revolution people were hoping for hasnt happened. In an interview with the National Journal, Shepard Fairey commented on his plan to contribute work to help Obama in 2012 but stated he couldnt design the same Hope poster today, because the spirit of the Obama campaign hasnt carried over to the Obama presidency. (Madhani, 2010). Misleading and subliminal imagery In June 2008 the Obama design team created a seal to be displayed on his lectern that very closely resembled the Presidential seal. This caused controversy in the media and when Steven Heller ask Scott Thomas to name the most heated design battle of the campaign Thomas brought up the infamous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“presidential seal debacle (Kessler, B. 2008). fig5. Obama in front of the controversial custom presidential seal with Latin slogan saying yes we can. Imagery such as Obama standing in front of a presidential looking seal before he is president can have subtle subliminal effects. It implies that he has already won before the election has taken place and can be a powerful persuasive device if used strategically. Sol Sender, the designer of the Obama logo suggested although the presidential seal was used by the campaign only briefly,  seeing Obama-the-candidate standing behind that familiar regal  eagle had a lingering effect  in the minds of voters (Kessler, B. 2008). In addition to this the voters have been subject to rock solid consistency in the visual communication that has solidified the Obama brand deep in their subconscious minds. Ambiguous communication From the outset of the campaign the three keywords used to inspire the nation were Hope, Change and Progress, which were the three ideas that the American people were so desperately seeking in 2008 Thomas (2010, p. 78)our strategy would not have worked if Obamas message hadnt rung so true and hadnt resonated so deeply with the American public. These words however inspiring are somewhat ambiguous unless the exact implementation of each is explained but this was rarely the case when used by Obama. Regardless of this, they became woven into the visual language of the campaign to the point that the word Hope had become synonymous with Obama. A news reporter commented about an Obama rally he witnessed Obama almost never got into specifics. It was change, change, save the country, change, yes we can, change (Wendel, J. 2008). people are VERY focused on Obama and dont really know much about what he stands for(Wendel, J. 2008). Conclusion Where are we now? A downward spiral of disappointment, anger and lost enthusiasm swiftly followed and continued to the end of 2010. Senate elections in November saw the Republicans taking back the House, and many of Obamas policies of Change were rejected by the American public (most notably the healthcare reform suffered a 59% opposition). In addition to this, his approval rating had fallen from 65% in 2009 to 45% in 2010. The reason for such a huge turnaround in public opinion after Obamas monumental success can be attributed to two possibilities. Either the American public developed and overzealous expectation of Obama and his intentions based on the strategic design of the campaign, or they were not as open to change as they seemed to imply. Either way it is clear that something must have caused this huge inversion to occur. Talk about how it is clear that design contributed to both a distorted view of what the public really wanted and how Obama was perceived to be something more than he actually was in reality. There were many Americans seduced by the feel good Madison Avenue campaign of Obama, but the trouble with hype is that after all the BS, you must be able to produce something, four years is a long time to run on hype'(flopping aces) Independents and Democrats are admitting to themselves that the Obama image [created] is nothing more than an allusion that they wanted to believe, against common sense. (flopping aces) the campaigns are now so intricate and so all consuming that the ability it takes to win a campaign is not the same skill set to govern and are we raising a generation of leaders that can win campaigns but not adequately govern? (john steward, daily show).

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

The first day of kindergarten, we clung to our parents afraid of the new experiences that awaited us. We looked around at all of the other faces not sure what to think. Fear and doubt crippled us. Little did we know that this day was the beginning of a journey stock full of obstacles and rewards. Kindergarten was a breeze. We learned the ABCs, made friends, and finally counted to one hundred. Then we went into elementary. We saw new students join our classes throughout these long but short elementary years. Teachers could see boys and girls running away from each other screaming, "Ew, you got cooties!" Life was a breeze all the way through to middle school. We came into middle school with no idea what to be prepared for. None the less, we made it. We were the youngest. Fifth grade ...

English-language films Essay

1. How are the pictures helpful in understanding the selection? 2. Why did the noise of the sonar speed up? 3. Why did the Titanic sink? 4. How were Frederick’s Fleet and Minnie Coutts alike? 5. If you wanted to prove the fact that over 1,500 people died out of the more than 2,300 people on board, what would you use to prove this? 6. What is the most likely reason the author wrote this selection? 7. The author uses figurative language, including comparing the ship to a â€Å"ghost from the ancient past,† saying the ship is â€Å"weeping great tears of rust,† and saying he felt as if he â€Å"had walked into a dream.† Why does he do this? 8. Tell how the author felt about seeing the Titanic. 9. Imagine that the author kept a journal. Write one or two sentences to tell what he might write after he came up from his first trip to the Titanic 1. How are the pictures helpful in understanding the selection? 2. Why did the noise of the sonar speed up? 3. Why did the Titanic sink? 4. How were Frederick’s Fleet and Minnie Coutts alike? 5. If you wanted to prove the fact that over 1,500 people died out of the more than 2,300 people on board, what would you use to prove this? 6. What is the most likely reason the author wrote this selection? 7. The author uses figurative language, including comparing the ship to a â€Å"ghost from the ancient past,† saying the ship is â€Å"weeping great tears of rust,† and saying he felt as if he â€Å"had walked into a dream.† Why does he do this? 8. Tell how the author felt about seeing the Titanic. 9. Imagine that the author kept a journal. Write one or two sentences to tell what he might write after he came up from his first trip to the Titanic

Markrting plan coca cola Essay

The Coca-Cola Company is a global business enterprise and one of two main soft drink sellers. Study of this report helps the reader to know that how Coca2 Cola has achieved its current market position. This report enlightens those factors that company has adopted during its long journey of 52 years in Pakistan. This report includes the introduction, micro and macro environment factors affecting coke. The reader of this report can expect that after having complete study he/she can certainly have a broader view the marketing environment of Coca-Cola that who are the competitors what are the company’s internal factors & customers, its external factors like economic, natural & technological are affecting Coca-Cola Company. 1. Introduction The Coca-Cola Company began operating in Pakistan in 1953. Coke, Fanta Sprite & Kinley are the brands with whom Coca-Cola is operating in Pakistan. The Coca-Cola System in Pakistan operates through eight bottlers, four of which are majority-owned by Coca-Cola Beverages Pakistan Limited (CCBPL). The CCBPL plants are in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Rahim Yar Khan, Multan and Lahore. The remaining two plants, independently owned, are in Rawalpindi and Peshawar. The Coca-Cola System in Pakistan serves 70,000 customers/retail outlets. The Coca-Cola System in Pakistan employs 1,800 people working constantly for the company. During the last two years, The Coca-Cola Company in Pakistan has invested over $130 million (U.S) and coke has successfully provided 51 years of dedicated service to its customers in Pakistan. Since the beginning of Coke Company the firm has been continuously changing its slogans (Appendix.1) and that’s a very creative idea to get the attention of the customers. 1.1 Mission, Vision & Values of Coca Cola (Reference 1) The world is changing all around us. To continue to thrive as a business over the next ten years and beyond, we must look ahead, understand the trends and forces that will shape our business in the future and move swiftly to prepare for what’s to come. We must get ready for tomorrow today. That’s what our 2020 Vision is all about. It creates a long-term destination for our business and provides us with a â€Å"Roadmap† for winning together with our bottling partners. Our Mission Our Roadmap starts with our mission, which is enduring. It declares our purpose as a company and serves as the standard against which we weigh our actions and decisions. 3 †¢ †¢ To refresh the world†¦ To inspire moments of optimism and happiness†¦ †¢ To create value and make a difference. Our Vision Our vision serves as the framework for our Roadmap and guides every aspect of our business by describing what we need to accomplish in order to continue achieving sustainable, quality growth. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ People: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy people’s desires and needs. Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. Profit: Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. †¢ Productivity: Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization. Our Winning Culture Our Winning Culture defines the attitudes and behaviors that will be required of us to make our 2020 Vision a reality. Live Our Values Our values serve as a compass for our actions and describe how we behave in the world. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Leadership: The courage to shape a better future Collaboration: Leverage collective genius Integrity: Be real Accountability: If it is to be, it’s up to me Passion: Committed in heart and mind Diversity: As inclusive as our brands Quality: What we do, we do well Focus on the Market †¢ †¢ †¢ Focus on needs of our consumers, customers and franchise partners Get out into the market and listen, observe and learn Possess a world view 4 †¢ Focus on execution in the marketplace every day †¢ Be insatiably curious Work Smart †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Act with urgency Remain responsive to change Have the courage to change course when needed Remain constructively discontent Work efficiently Act Like Owners †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Be accountable for our actions and inactions Steward system assets and focus on building value Reward our people for taking risks and finding better ways to solve problems Learn from our outcomes — what worked and what didn’t Be the Brand †¢ †¢ Inspire creativity, passion, optimism and fun 1.2 Objectives Of Coca-Cola The company has sales based objective .Every thing else (marketing plan, advertising plan, production etc.) is derived from this objective. Currently the company‘s objective is to â€Å"Increase the volume of sales up to the maximum level as much as possible during the current fiscal year.† The company sets its objective keeping in view the past performance, Historical trends, current market position, economic condition, macro environment and micro environment factors, social values, market size and growth rate ,future expectations and predictions. Chapter# 1 Marketing Environments 5 The forces outside marketing that affect marketing management ability to develop and maintain successful relationships with its target customers. There are two types of marketing environments that may affect any company’s operation, Microenvironment and the Macro environment. The Coca-Cola Company also has its Marketing Environments which affect on its business. Chapter# 2 Micro environment factors affecting Coca Cola Micro Environments are the internal environments of any company like company itself, marketing intermediaries, suppliers, customers, competitors & Public following are the major micro environmental factors which are affecting Coca-Cola. I. The Company Muhtar Kent Chairman of Board & Chief Executive Officer Joseph V. Tripodi Chief Marketing & Commercial Officer (EVP) Coca-Cola Operates in more than 200 countries and a market portfolio of 3000 beverage products including Carbonated Drinks, Sparkling Drinks and still beverages like mineral water, juices, coffee & Energy Drinks (Appendix. 2). Head quarters in Atlanta, Georgia Coca-Cola have more than 92400 associates across six operating groups Eurasia, Latin America, North America, Pacific & bottling Investment as Corporate. (Reference 2) In Pakistan Coca-Cola working under the Eurasia group Coca-Cola business Strategy is based on local marketing they establish there plant in the country where they want to do business instead of exporting. In Pakistan they have there production plants in. Karachi, Lahore, Hyderabad, Rhim yar Khan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, Gujranwala & Peshawer. There marketing Department working close with other departments like purchase, accounts, distribution etc to achieve there goal. Following is the organizational Departments of Coca-Cola. (Reference 3) a. MARKETING DEPARTMENT The Coca Cola marketing department develops core strategies for company brands to ensure that all communication is consistent in every market. With this cohesive effort, the Coca-Cola system maximizes its resources for market leadership and profitable 6 growth. The marketing departments are responsible for marketing the products and advertising the products and promoting the products. If all these departments perform their duty firmly then the objectives of The Coca-Cola Company will meets. b. FINANCE DEPARTMENT The finance department of the Coca Cola Company is responsible for financial record keeping. This involves keeping records of money received and paid out. The financial records will be used to produce the annual reports for the shareholders so that they can see the company performance. The Finance department is also responsible for the management accounts of the business like marketing etc. The Coca-Cola Company finance department is also responsible for making budget of the company and for each department like marketing department or research and development department. They will also be involved in the planning process like taking over or any major decision. c. PACKAGING DEPARTMENT The packaging department of Coca-Cola Company is responsible for the packaging of the products. They have to make the packaging attractive so that that product meets the eyes of the consumers. Bringing new products package is their responsibility. It works with the companies bottling partners to produce an attractive combination. d. SALES DEPARTMENT The sales department of the Coca Cola Company is to coordinate the selling program. They also have to make the distribution methods, etc. Also, decide how much to sell and how much to store in the warehouse and to choose the transporting method which is the most cost efficient and the quickest way. e. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT This department has their budget given by the finance department and their responsibility is to investigate new products. They work closely with marketing by looking at marketing research findings. They have to bring new products in the market for the change because the consumer cannot stick with the same old products. If necessary then they also have to improve the quality of the products. The Coca-Cola Company research department has done a lot of research and recently they have launched many new products like Diet coke with lemon, Fanta Tropical, Minute maids, Fanta raspberry, Fanta blue berry etc. f. ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT This department is essential for keeping the business going. They act as a help support of the company, it is not the central purpose the business but every business organization would need this department. Most businesses rely on administration to be organized. They deal with enquiries, give messages produce documents and give 7 information to any customer. The complaints that this department will get would be transferred to the research and development department to make the product better or fix the problem that the consumer is having. These departments are the most important department of The Coca-Cola Company because they helps the company to meets the objectives of The Coca-Cola Company i.e. surviving, customer satisfaction and make more profits. As I said that the help desk department satisfies the customer by providing the information they needs and taking the complaints and passing to the research and development departments who improves the products. II. Marketing Intermediaries Marketing intermediaries help the company to promote, sell and distribute its goods to the end users. Intermediaries include resellers, distribution firms and marketing agencies. When we talk about coke, Coke Company in Pakistan as well as abroad have recognized the importance of working with their intermediaries. For example recently Coke signed ten years deal with US based company Wendy that it will provide coke to all the fast food chains located in US. Wendy in this case is a big example of intermediary for coke. In Pakistan other than various resellers, McDonald is one big party that is reseller of coke and also Subway is a big reseller of coke. Similarly there are thousands of private agencies (intermediaries) that are working for coke to distribute the product to the shopkeepers and retailers all over the country. Currently there are 46 distributors working in Lahore. Coke Company uses two techniques for distribution, direct distribution and indirect distribution. In direct distribution company uses no agencies or middlemen to distribute the soft drinks but company has its own system of distribution that includes Company’s trucks and labor as well. The other way is indirect distribution in which company opts for various distributors that take the product from factory to the retailers and resellers. III. Suppliers Suppliers always play an important role in any company’s operation. Suppliers provide resources and raw material that company requires to produce the goods and services. Coke company suppliers in Pakistan vary with respect to the raw material they provide. Following is a brief list of different suppliers of coke. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Baluchistan Glass Limited provides glass bottles of all sizes that are used in bottling. (Reference. 4) ShangHai Plato chemical co. Ltd provides pet bottles with the labels. Labels are designed by the Packages Ltd. (Reference. 5) Saharan Mills Limited provides the quality sugar in hygienic packets. Vanillin Intercool Pakistan provides the machinery such as visicoolers and chest coolers for the chilled coco-cola. 8 †¢ Dynamic Equipment and Controls (PVT) Limited provides industrial refrigeration solutions, dispensing equipments, complete bottle line and capping machines. (Reference. 6) IV. Customers Recent survey shows that coke is the only product in the world with which more than 85% of the population is well aware of. All the companies have to keep updated study of their customers and in case of coke the company has always maintained excellent customer retention. Value of customers for coke can be understood by these factors that coke spends lot of efforts (financial and human resource) on customer research. For example, Coke knows through market survey that we put 3.2 ice cubes in a glass and one million of US population drinks coke with breakfast every day. This is how coke has been favorite drink of customers for centuries. Coke customers vary massively in terms of age. From kids to youngsters, from youngsters to elders and from elders to older, coke has always captured high customer attention from decades. We can divide coke customers in different categories. a. Consumer Market: This is the group of consumer from where coke purchases are at the highest level because consumer market includes individuals and households. Households mostly buy coke for daily use in large number and purchasing by individuals is also the case of repeat purchase. Healthy consumer market is a big advantage for the company. b. Reseller Market Reseller market of coke is very large all over the world. This is the market, which buy the product from company and resell it at profit. In Pakistan McDonald is the biggest example of reseller of coke. McDonald purchases coke from the company and sell it with each fast food deal served at restaurant. The survey shows that each branch of McDonald located in Lahore & Karachi sells approximately 500-700 liters of coke daily to its customers. Subway is also has contract with Coca-Cola to serve coke with its every salad & sandwich. c. International Market International market consists of those buyers who are in other countries. Coke is worldwide known product and every country where coke is been sold has a manufacturing unit of its own. Similar is the case in Pakistan. Coke manufacturing plants are in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Rahimyar Khan, 9 Multan and Lahore and these plants are producing the drink for the local use. So in Pakistan there are no international buyers of coke. v. Competitors All over world there are two soft drink giants, Coke and Pepsi. The competition between two companies has always been neck to neck. Both these companies keep on try to take lead in terms of pricing, packaging, promoting and placing. Pepsi is a world leader in convenient foods and beverages, with revenues of about $27 billion and over 143,000 employees. Pepsi brands are available in nearly 200 countries and territories. As we compare the products of these two competitors we come to know that Coke has two flavors in Pakistan that is coke plain and coke diet where as similar is the case with Pepsi as only these two flavors are available of Pepsi as well. So in this perspective both parties have equal strength. However competition is at its peak in terms of pricing. So many times we see that as soon as Pepsi lower downs the price of 1 liter pet bottle or disposable drink, Coke adjusts its price right away so that they may not loose their customers. Although both these brands have sufficient amount of buyers all over the world but still both the companies strive to achieve the market leader position. Coke even after 99 successful years in US still trying best to be more innovative. Coke manufacturers spent two years and 4 Million $ on research before settling on a new formula and finally came up with â€Å"sweeter new coke† and later on with â€Å"cherry coke†. Companies make all these efforts to give more customer value and satisfaction than its competitors. In Pakistan recently a few other beverages are also introduced such as Mecca-Cola and Amrat-Cola but currently these soft drinks are not a threat for coke due to their very low market share and secondly due to brand loyalty of customers for coke. Competition Worldwide Competition in Pakistan 10 ., 10% 60% ., 36% Coca-cola Coca-Cola Pepsi 30% 10% Pepsi Other Others 54% vi. Public Every country has different type of public which effect any business in the country most effective public for Coca-Cola is media public. Media plays a vital role in Coca-Cola in Pakistan. Media Public The field of advertisement is one area where Coca-Cola has always emphasized. In year 2000 Coca-Cola unveiled the biggest advertising billboards in the history of Pakistan. Each unveiling was marked by entertainment and light shows watched by thousands of people. Similarly in July 2000 Coca-Cola launched its first under the crown promotion by the name of Dream Vacations in which the consumers could collect caps of promotional bottles of Coca-Cola like Sprite, Fanta and Coke. Internal Public Our company is built around two core assets, its brands and its people. That’s what makes working here so special. We believe that work is more than a place you go every day. It should be a place of exploration, creativity, professional growth and interpersonal relationships. It’s about being inspired and motivated to achieve extraordinary things. We want our people to take pride in their work and in building brands others love. After all, it’s the combined talents, skills, knowledge, experience and passion of our people that make us who we are. Our 92,800 associates around the world live and work in the markets we serve — more than 87 percent of them outside the U.S. In this geographically diverse environment, we learn from each market and share those learn quickly. As a result, our Company culture is ever more collaborative. From beverage concept and development to merchandising, our associates are sharing ideas across departments and markets in new ways. Consequently, our associates are increasingly enthusiastic about their work and inspired to turn plans into action. (Reference 7) 11 Macro environment factors affecting Coca Cola 1. Demographics Coca cola knows its people very well. It offers different flavors & packaging according to its customer’s taste. It offers following sizes & every size is targeting different slots of customers. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. SSRB (Standard size returnable bottle) LRB (Large size returnable bottle) NRD (Non-returnable/ Disposable bottle) PET (Plastic Bottle 500 ml) PET (Plastic Bottle 1.5 liter) CANS (tin pack 330 ml) It targets its different sizes according to customers of different age groups & occupations. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ SSRB is generally targeted to young children & people going to schools & universities. It is also targeted to the people of lower class. LRB & PET 1.5 liters is usually consumed by households &I s one of its economy packs. Disposable bottles are for the â€Å"on the go† people. As they don’t have the time to stand at a spot & drink the whole beverage. PET 500ml was introduced, on the basis of the analysis, which shows that people nowadays are in a trend to drink two 250ml coke bottles together. As Coca Cola is a company who knows its consumers very well, they introduced the 500ml Pet bottle. Business executives always expect something different for them form an organization, so Coke CANS were the answer to their expectation from coke. Different flavors always attract different types of people. They are for the people who always want to try something new. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Classic coke is the one suitable product who don’t want a change in their life or who don’t want to try something new. Keeping the people in view who are fitness oriented, health conscious & diabetic patients Diet Coke is the solution for all their beverage problems. Vanilla Coke was introduced for the people who want a more sweetened beverage & who are looking for vanilla in everything they have. Cherry & Lime Coke is targeted to the people who want something citrus. Coca Cola launches its product after they study their customers in deep detail & conclude that what their customers really wants from them. Consumers always welcome Coca Cola’s product, as they know that Coca Cola is the one who knows them the best. 12 2. Economic factors Economic factors do affect a company in negative & positive manner. Coke is not an exception here, it is affected if there is inflation in the country & as a result coke increases its prices. Pepsi is always waiting to take a competitive edge. The increased price is a high negative effect on coke. Coke has employed 1800 workers in the last two years & huge amount of revenues have been collected from Pakistan. The economy worldwide was disturbed by the incident of September 11th,2001. The disposable income of the people of Pakistan is increasing day by day & coke that was thought as a luxury good is now becoming a necessity. 3. Social factors Coke, a customer oriented company, always take steps for the welfare of its consumers. The recyclable products used in manufacturing coke helps save people’s environment. Coke is also helping the needy & knowledge seeking people with fewer resources by providing them books, scholarships & opportunities to work. Coke has launched a program in Gujranwala & Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan where it provides basic education to children (Reference. 8). Coke has also launched programs to increase awareness about the conservation of water & natural resources, climate changes, waste environment education & recyclable products. The Coca-Cola Export Corporation (TCCEC) has set-up an endowment fund at Pakistan’s premier university, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS). The fund, donated by The Coca-Cola Foundation, will be used for funding entire education of 02 students for 4 years of Bachelors program at LUMS’s School of Science & Engineering. These students belong to underprivileged areas of Pakistan but their educational record is extremely impressive and they are called Coca-Cola Scholars.In 2005, TCCEC started ‘Adopt-a-School’ program, under which we adopted 05 government schools and supported them by building classrooms, parks, providing free books, furniture etc. Also, TCCEC has long supported CARE Foundation for providing free education to underprivileged children of Punjab province. (Reference. 9) 4. Technological factors Technology in any field is effecting the development of that industry at a high rate. Beverage industry is also affected by the technological factors but in a positive manner. The new methods of filling the bottles, the refrigeration methods, the disposable bottles, the PET bottles all made so many changes to the Coke which is one of the giants in the beverage industry. Coke is adopting all the new technologies available. Coke is being supplied with the refrigerators, visichest coolers & many more for keeping the bottles chilled, as they claim in the subcontinent â€Å"thanda matlab Coca Cola†. Coca Cola Company got the technology of dispensers so they give Coke to people that is as fresh from the fountain. Coca Cola Company has adopted the technology for the usage of 13 PET bottles, which are also environmental friendly. Coca Cola Company adopted the recycling method to keep its environment clean & also to have the soft corner in people’s heart. Coca Cola Company is producing new packaging sizes with differentiated packaging with the help of new technology everyday. 5. Cultural factors Culture of Pakistan is gourmet, music, sport & religious oriented Coca-Cola has many opportunities in any occasion in Pakistan Coca-Cola always there, like a. Coca Cola & Cricket Pepsi is one of the biggest official sponsors of cricket & is also the official drink of cricket. Coke is there, giving Pepsi a tough time. Coke has sponsored eight Pakistani cricket players. Coca Cola is targeting cricket as it is one the famous & growing all over the world. b. Coca Cola & Musical Concerts When you think of Pakistani Punjabi bhangra, Abrar-ul-Haq is the first name you think of. Coca Cola is the official sponsor of Abrar. Coke sponsors almost all of the concerts of Abrar. In most of the hoardings, billboards & TV commercials of coke, we see Abrar performing & promoting coke. Junoon is a known name all over the world. Coke targeted its customer through music celebrities & asks them to perform in their concerts & commercials. You see Junoon performing a desire of having a coke is rite in you. c. Coca Cola & Food Mela This is the century when food industry is at its boom. Coca cola organizes food melas for the people. In Karachi, coke treated thousands of people by bringing 50 bustling restaurants all together in one area. All those restaurants were offering coke as the only beverage in the food mela. d. Coca Cola & Basant Basant is one of the biggest events in Lahore. Coke was the official decorator of Lahore hired by PHA. Coke has promoted its products so much with relevance to basant that at basant whenever you want to drink something chilled, the first name you think of is Coke. It is there in the mind of the people that â€Å"Where there is Basant there is Coca Cola†. e. Coke in Ramzan & Eid Eid & Ramazan is one of the holy events of muslims. Coke earns its great revenues in the month of Ramazan & at the time of Eid. It offers new packaging or great discount offers also special offers at Eid. 14 6. Political factor Political factors usually effects company working on the international level doing imports & exports. Coke usually performs its operations in the local market. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Coke is not usually affected by government regulations & deregulations as no major changes occur in the food laws. Coke is a very environmental friendly product. From the caps till the labels on the PET bottles, everything is recyclable. Depreciation of currency generally has no major effects on Coke they really don’t do imports & exports on large scale. They try to be local market oriented, they keep at least one company owned plant in a country. Sudden changes in political conditions in a certain country doesn’t effect much on Coke, as it is a purely consumer product. Pressure groups tried to de-market Coke in Pakistan by spreading the rumors that the revenue collected from coke goes to the Jewish lobby. 7. Natural Factor Water is vital to both WWF and The Coca-Cola Company. Beverages are The Coca-Cola Company’s business, and water is the main ingredient in every product we make. Safe water also is vital to the sustainability of the communities we serve. WWF’s mission is the conservation of nature and the protection of natural resources for people and wildlife. Protecting freshwater ecosystems is a top priority in WWF’s work. Now, through a partnership announced on June 5, 2007, we are combining our international strengths and resources to support water conservation throughout the world. ATLANTA, April 20, 2007 – The Coca-Cola Company today announced that it was implementing measures to reduce energy consumption at its two million square foot world headquarters by 23 percent and reduce its water consumption by nearly 15 percent. These efforts are expected to eliminate more than 10,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions each year, which is the equivalent of removing 2,000 cars from the road. â€Å"By taking bold measures to conserve natural resources in our own backyard, we want to send a message to companies and individuals that combating a leading global environmental problem demands local action,† said Bryan Jacob, the Coca-Cola Company’s energy and climate protection manager. â€Å"We all have a role to play, from using energy-efficient lighting where we can, to repairing leaky faucets and watering our lawns only in the morning and the evening. Each leaky faucet in our homes or offices could be wasting 180 gallons of water per week.† (Reference 10) We have a role to play in helping the communities we rely upon. We know that to make a meaningful difference, we must focus our efforts beyond the confines of our own bottling plants. 15 Today, nearly one-sixth of the world’s population — more than 1 billion people — doesn’t have access to safe drinking water. Approximately 2.6 billion don’t have adequate sanitation. Due to the issues surrounding water, billions of people are vulnerable to disease and food insecurity. We work closely with our supply chain, local communities, governments and nongovernment organizations to replenish water to nature and communities. In fact, since 2005 we have been involved in more than 250 community water partnerships in 70 countries to support locally relevant initiatives, such as watershed protection; expanding community drinking water and sanitation access; agricultural water use efficiency; and education and awareness programs. In 2009, we asked respected experts to work with us to calculate the water benefits of these projects. (Reference 11) Chapter# 3 Conclusion In the end we learned In Pakistan as compared to Pepsi, Coca-Cola has less number of consumers as Pepsi’s market share in Pakistan is approximately 58% where as coke market share is hovering about 32% but worldwide Coca-Cola has 60% whereas Pepsi has 30%. Coca-Cola’s environmental factors are positive The Company is working with teamwork by joining its all departments its resellers are the well known & reputable restaurants of the world it using two types of medium of distribution which are cost effective suppliers of Coca-Cola are local in Pakistan so it save lots of importing cost of raw material as we discuss above that coke brand known by 85% of the world population so they have massive consumers competition of Coca-Cola is very tough in Pakistan with Pepsi. Its promoting Pakistan’s cultural Environment at its best level demographically coke fulfilling the consumer requirements in Pakistan. Coca-Cola working on natural environment to reduce co2 level in the globe & providing safe water to community. Socially Coca Cola is doing god work by providing scholarships & basic Educational program in Pakistan. Technology of Coca-Cola is very Competitive in this Modern Era. References 1 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/mission_vision_values.html 2 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/index.html 3 Scribd (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() 16 4 http://www.balochistanglass.com/clients.htm 5 www.tradekey.com/profile†¦/ShangHai-Plato-chemical-co-Ltd.htm 6 DYNAMIC EQUIPMENT & CONTROLS (PVT) LTD. F-1/23, Canal Cottages, Block-D New Muslim Town, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan URL: http://www.dynamic-eqpt.com.pk 7 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/meet_our_people.html 8 http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_24-12-2003_pg7_16 (Paragraph No 9) 9 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/citizenship/education.html 10 http://www.thecoca-company.com/presscenter/nr_20070420_corporate_reduce_energy_consumption.html 11 http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/citizenship/watershed_protection.html Appendices Appendix 1 Slogans of Coca Cola in Pakistan ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ 1886 Drink Coca-Cola 1908 Get the genuine 1923 Enjoy thirst 1934 When it’s hard to get started, start with a Coca-Cola 1942 The only thing like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola itself 1956 The friendliest drink on earth 1963 Things go better with Coke 1993 Always. Coca-Cola 2001 Life is Good 2003 Jo Chaho Ho Jaye Coca Cola Enjoy 2004 Flight Of Delight 2005 Galay Delicious Taste 17 ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ ïÆ'Ëœ 2006 Thanda matlab coca cola 2007 khaly pily jila coca cola 2008 Aja jashan mena ly 2009 Always Coca Cola Appendix 2 Products Coke Classic Dite Coke Limca Fanta Mazaa Sprite Sprite 3G Coke Zero Minute made Tab Energy Drink For More Product Review Visit http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/brands/index.html 18

Julius Caeser Essay Essays - Ancient Rome, 1st Millennium BC

Julius Caeser Essay Essays - Ancient Rome, 1st Millennium BC Julius Caeser Essay In the book Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare, Cassius and the conspirators depicted Caesar as being ambitious. He was also said to not be ambitious by Mark Antony. He was, however, ambitious. This is because he refused the crown three times, he did not listen to the warnings that people gave him throughout the book, and he did not end the punishment he placed upon Metellus Cimbers brother, Publius Cimber. These were all acts of ambition. On the Lupercal, Mark Antony presented Caesar with a crown. Caesar then proceeded to turn down the crown three times. The reason he did this is because the crown was not the real one, but only a coronet. This is known when Casca tells Brutus and Caesar, I saw Mark Antony offer him a crown (yet twas not a crown neither; twas one of those coronets), and as I told you, he put it by once; but for all that, to my thinking, he would fain have had it. The reason that this was ambitious is because it shows that he wanted more than they offered him and that he wasnt satisfied with just that. It also shows that he feels that he is too good for it. After he turned down the crown, the people watching yelled because they wanted him to take the crown. This shows he does not listen to others. Throughout the book, Caesar received many warnings about his death. All of these warnings he refused. The Soothsayer told him to beware the Ides of March, Calphurnia told him about her dreams, the owl was seen in the capitol during the daytime, the slaves hand caught on fire, and the sky spit fire. All of these were warnings that Caesar did not listen to. He pushed away the Soothsayer and said, He is a dreamer. Let us leave him. Pass. This shows that he will not accept advice from anyone. If he does this, then he will be a tyrant. When Calphurnia told him about her dream, he did not listen to her. Instead, he listened to flattery, which he said he disliked. These shows that he was also a hypocrite and that he would only listen to or do what sounded better for him. All of these things reveal that he has a huge ego. This is ambitious because a person with a big ego will only do things that will benefit him. Before Caesar is stabbed, Metellus Cimber and the conspirators approach him and ask him to let Publius Cimber back into the kingdom. I could be well moved, if I were as you. If I could pray to move, prayers would move me. But I am as constant as the Northern Star,. He did not back down because he felt that he was right in his decision to banish Publius. He was also very stubborn and did not listen to reason. This is ambitious because he would always feel that he was right and no one else was. This is what tyrants do, and he would have also. Caesar was ambitious because he refused a crown that he felt was not good enough for him, did not listen to warnings from people, and would not back down from his decision to banish Publius. Because he did all these things, it revealed the things that he would do if he were to become king. If Caesar had become king, he would have ruled the Romans like a tyrant.

Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care Essay Example

Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care Essay Example Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care Essay Effects of discriminatory practice in Health and social care Essay The above instance survey is foregrounding favoritism. This is the unequal intervention between persons and it is a negative action towards members of a certain group. The bases of favoritism include: civilization. disablement. age. societal category. gender. sexual orientation. wellness position. household position and cognitive ability. The prejudiced practise used in the instance of Jeta is predjudice. This is judging person and doing an premise without holding any solid grounds to back up the opinion. on the footing of their visual aspect or what group they belong to. Jeta is sing this as her instructor is doing a false premise about her thought that she is lazy and blue as her criterion of public presentation in school assesments is diminishing. There are many lending factors that can take to the predjudice that Jeta is sing. One of these factors is societal background. Jeta comes from a rough background. lives entirely with her female parent who is a individual parent and her male parent is in prison. Another factor taking to predjudice could be socialisation. This is when the media create humbling stereotypes about specific groups of people. The media assumes that if person is in prison. they are associated with bad behavior and are automatically given a negative feeling on. As Jeta is related to person in prison. the instructor is presuming that she’s every bit as bad and discriminates against her. The instructor is about blaming the male parent state of affairs on the hapless school work produced by Jeta. Another prejudiced practise that Jeta is sing is pigeonholing. Stereotyping is a widely held but fixed oversimplified image or thought of a certain type of individual. Pigeonholing can hold a demetrial consequence on the person involved. They involve generalisations about the most common features of members of the group. There are many factors which could propose why Jeta is being stereotyped. The first is societal classification. This is sorting people into groups based on common properties that persons portion. In relation to Jeta she is being stereotyped as lazy because the criterion of her school assesments are dropping. She is besides being stereotyped as naughty and this could be due to the societal facet that her male parents in prision significance she is being percieved as this blue kid. Another base for favoritism is age. Age favoritism occurs when person is treated below the belt due to their age without any given justification or logical thinking. The fact that the kid concerned in this survey is of rather a immature age of 9 old ages old means she is more vunerable to age favoritism and this normally occurs because the kid is seen to hold less societal power. Jeta is sing age favoritism because she is seen to hold less of an authoritive figure compared to her instructor. Children in todays society are more likely to confront favoritism due to their addiction on grownups and the determinations that are made for them. Children experience favoritism on other evidences including race. gender. societal category. wellness position. disablities and many more. Jeta is being stereotyped as this lazy character and due to her age. the instructor isn’t listening to her despite being told legion times by Jeta that she can non see the board from the dorsum of the schoolroom. Jeta’s age could be an index as to why she is being stereotyped as she is undistinguished compared to the instructor and has little or no power so her sentiments and positions are merely ignored. Another prejudiced practise that Jeta is confronting is inequality. This is where people are non treated the same because some persons have more power. authorization. money etc. Jeta is sing this as she is non being granted the same chances to instruction and rights to larn as everyone else in her category. Due to this inequality she could be left in a vunerable place as she could be at a hazard of falling behind in category and making even worse in appraisals than earlier. The chief base for favoritism is this instance survey is Jeta’s diability. She has haples s sight and this explains her low criterion of work in lessons. She is being discriminated for holding this disablement and this could ensue in her feeling vunerable and cause low ego regard. She is being segregated from the remainder of the category being sent to the dorsum of the schoolroom and this could strike hard her assurance. This is besides doing the state of affairs worse as Jeta will non be able to concentrate on the undertakings set in category as she can non see what is is being taught. Alternatively of supplying Jeta with the right extra acquisition support she requires. the instructor has placed her right at the dorsum of the category. segregated from her other schoolmates. The Disability Discrimination Act ( DDA ) makes it improper to know apart against person who has a disablement. This act is covered by most sectors including the instruction sector which means it should be covered in all schools and administrations. The DDA screens eyesight jobs so Jeta’s demands should be met. Initially. Jeta’s instructor is being improper as she isn’t seting to the DDA criterions to accommodate Jeta’s demands. If no alterations are made. Jet a’s seeing could deteriate and decline. Jeta presently has no spectacless or any signifier of equipment to assist imporve her seeing so being at the dorsum is non assisting the state of affairs in respect to Jeta.

Ccot Roman 100-600 Ad

Roman Empire experienced division and unity of the empire with the contribution of religion, and language. The government of the Roman Empire had more or less stayed the same through 100 CE and 600 CE. The system was called the Roman Republic where the male citizens of the Roman Empire elected their leaders. In this system, there were senates, consuls, tribunes, perfects, and an Assembly of all male who were free and were Roman citizenship. During the reign of Diocletian in the Roman Empire, the Roman Empire was greatly impacted by the action of Diocletian. When Diocletian entered his reign, he realized that the Roman Empire was becoming too big for one person to rule and decided that he will split the empire in half into the Eastern and Western Roman Empire in 284 AD, making it more manageable to rule. Although the Empire was divided, the two empires supported and help each other. However, in 376, 410, and 468 CE their northern adversaries had launched an attack on the Empire, which made the empires unable to support one another. As time passed, the division between the empires grew and led to more independence. Later on in 306 AD, a civil war called the Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy occurred between the Eastern and Western Roman Empire which lasted for 18 years. The leader of the Eastern half was Maxentius who was power-hungry had planned to kill leader of the western half, Constantine, by creating a rebellion. Because of Maxentius’ lust for wealth, it led to war. In the end of civil war, Constantine won and the empire was united again. However after Constantine’s death in 337, the empire was divided again by his sons. Christianity had a huge impact on the Roman Empire. In the beginning, Romans were polytheistic and believed that the gods were the reason for many things. However Christianity began to spread throughout the Roman Empire and many people began to convert. The emperor Diocletian in 303demanded that they will comply with the traditional Roman religious practices, if not they will be persecuted. Although most of the Christian in their community did deny their faith and worshipped the Roman gods, some Christians would not hesitate to announce their faith in front of a whole Assembly. Though many Christians were persecuted, Christianity rapidly grew because of the nfluence of many great Christians and the benefits of being one such as life after death in Heaven instead of the Underworld. In 313 AD, Constantine announced that Christianity is allowed in the empire in the Edict of Milan. The reason why he allowed Christianity was that before the Battle of Milvian Bridge he saw a cross of light in the sky with words that said, â€Å"By this, wi n! † He placed this sign on every shield and the end of the battle, he won. Not only Christianity was allowed in the empire, but made into the official religion of the Roman Empire by Theodosius in 380. Before the division of the Roman Empire, Latin was the main language of Rome for the Virgil emphasizes it as the source of Roman unity and tradition. Latin was used to write law and birth certificate. However when the empire was divided, the Eastern Roman Empire favored the language of the Greeks considering the fact that many Greeks immigrated to the Roman Empire. With the spread of Christianity, slow diffusion of the Greek language, and the divinity and unity of the empire during 100 AD through 600 AD, it had affected the Roman Empire greatly.

EC 202 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

EC 202 - Essay Example Even recession in other foreign countries also have an effect in demand of a product of United States. After falling of aggregate demand, if there are no chances of raising it, then the producers will bring down the production level and to maintain the cost they will lay-off employees. This leads to increase in unemployment. As output is low, the demand for money will also get lower and that is why interest rate will be low. Here, price level will be become unchanged. The second shock is based on money and recession caused by credit limits. It is mainly caused for the low money supply and velocity with rises in price index. The reason behind it is tightened monetary policy where financial institutions try to reduce the amount of loan. As the money supply is low, the interest rate will become high which directly affects the demand for goods. And again same as demand caused recession the output and employment will be low. The third shock is cost- push inflation. It occurs mainly because of increase in the cost. At the first stage, it happens because of the raise of wage which ultimately raises the cost and then the price also. So, demand will become low and a result of that production will also be low and employment will get effected. Because of high level of price demand for money will raise which means interest rate will also rise. These are the effects of cause - push inflation. Growth problem indicate the higher level of gross domestic product (GDP). However, GDP increase the demand for money and so the interest rate becomes high but the demand for goods is comparatively low that is why producers start producing less which brings down the output as well as the employment. Ultimately the demand for money will become low which will lead to fall in interest rate. It is not necessary that inflation will happen because of the money every time; it can be caused by demand also. The relationship

Patient with heart failure Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Patient with heart failure - Case Study Example rthopnea are caused insufficient flow of blood so that there is no enough oxygen circulating within the body therefore causing a problem of breathing. The symptom of diaphoretic comes about when the body tries to enable the heart muscles pump enough oxygen in blood through the body and this ends up causing profuse perspiration (Molinari & Compare et al., 2006). The priority problems that the patient has based on the nursing assessment done upon admission include, severe dyspnea, a low heartbeat of 132 beats per minute, diaphoresis and a risky blood pressure of 98/70mmhg because they are potentially fatal (Molinari & Compare et al., 2006). ECG is administered before dose 3 and 4 to boost the electrical activity of the heart and increase muscle performance, start IV treatment is used to prevent nausea, vomiting and correct urinary dysfunctions . Remarkably, the nurse should instruct the patient to avoid food items with sodium salt, quit smoking, drinking alcohol, do regular exercise, and lose weight to avoid accumulation of cholesterol around the myocardium. The nurse should teach the patient that digoxin causes a little nausea and vomiting (Molinari & Compare et al.,

Contract Law. Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contract Law. Questions - Essay Example The Advertiser Schmepsi refused to give the reward saying that it was only an advertising gimmick and 'a bit of a joke' Michael wants to know if he has contractual rights against the Schmepsi for the $30 million worth of motor cycles. According to Contract Law, an offer once accepted, it makes a binding contract between offeror and acceptor. In the above case actually the offeror is Michael and not Shemepsi for the following reasons. Generally advertisements are treated as not offers but an invitation to treat i.e. invitation to make an offer. What Schemepsi has done is only an invitation to treat by making an invitation to collect a certain number of coupons in exchange of a prize. Bold, unimaginable, and impractical orders are made in the form of advertisements deliberately to attract attention and not to really be bound by them. Who ever notices such advertisements should not be carried away by them and not make serious commitments based on them as they could always be avoided by the advertisers on the plea that they were only invitation to treat (invitation to bargain in" U.S") (invitation to offer in "India") "An inv "An invitation to treat invites another to make an offer which can be accepted or rejected. In Fisher v. Bell [1961] 1 QB 394 the court held the display of an article for sale is not an offer for sale. Similarly, Pharmaceutical Society of Gt Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists [1953] 1 QB 401 held that displaying goods for sale on a supermarket shelf was not an offer. In Partridge v.Crittenden [1968] 2 All ER 421, Partridge was convicted for offering for sale wild birds by an advertisement in a 'classified advertisements' column but the conviction was quashed since the advertisement was only an invitation to treat. In the same way in Harris v. Nickerson (1873) LR 8 QB286, a broker failed to recover damages for breach of contract after attending an advertised sale when the lots he was interested in were withdrawn. Advertisements by companies may constitute an offer. In Carlill v.Carbolic Smokeball Co. (1893), the defendants in a series of advertisements offered to pay 100 to any person who contracted influenza after using their patent 'smoke ball' three times a day for two weeks and stated that they had deposited 1000 in a bank to meet any claims. The plaintiff sued for 100 and the court held that the deposit of the 1000 indicated an intention to pay claims and that the advertisement was an offer. Brochures, pricelists and so on are invitations to treat, as are quotations" ( Judge, Stephen. Business Law (2nd ed.).New York, NY USA: Palgrave Publishers, 1999.p 113.http://site.ebrary.com/lib/britishcouncilonline/Docid=2003005&ppg=113) To understand more about the concept of Invitation to

Saponification Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Saponification - Lab Report Example Although soaps and detergents are surfactants they are different in that sops are made from natural products while detergents are made from man-made product which may have some negative effect on the environment. Soaps work through a process called emulsification. This is where soap combines with non water soluble agents detaching them from the material. A micelle can be found in colloidal electrolyte solutions of soaps and detergents. It is formed from an aggregate of molecules resulting in charged particles (Herz 136). Formation of potassium soap is as a result of carboxylate anions and univalent cation to form a soap salt. A mixture of anions is due to the fatty acid residue present in the triglyceride molecule. No precipitate is formed with water because potassium soaps are highly soluble. The experiment was a success as potassium soap which was the required product was achieved at the end of the experiment. The potassium soap was able to remove grease thus proving the efficiency of the product. Hard water contains minerals that easily react with soap to form a solid precipitate called scum, detergents do not react with the minerals in hard water thus the lack of scum while using detergents, this one demerit of using soap over detergent. Soap is cheap and does not damage the fabric compared to detergent. Detergents on the other hand are effective against tough stains compared to soaps (Herz

Real World Quadratic Functions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Real World Quadratic Functions - Coursework Example This paper will determine the maximum possible profit for the chain store and the number of clerks that will maximize the profit. The parabola will cross the x-axis at 0 and 12. The value of a = -25 is large and negative, indicating that the parabola will be narrow and will open downward. This means that the maximum value will be at the vertex. The x-value for the vertex of the parabola is given by , where a = -25 and b = 300. Figure 1 shows the graph of the Profit function, . The graph of the profit function is a parabola with vertex at (6, 900). As shown in the graph, there will be no profit made when no clerk is working or when 12 clerks are working, and there will be loss if more than 12 clerks are working.. The maximum profit will occur when 6 clerks are working and will be equal to $900. The graph of the profit function is only relevant in the first quadrant, as the value of the x cannot be negative that is negative clerks cannot exist. In conclusion, the daily profit, P of a chain store is related to the number of clerks working that day, x, and is given by the function . This paper used quadratic function to determine the maximum possible profit for the chain store and the number of clerks that will maximize the profit. The graph of the profit function (and also solution) indicated that the maximum profit would occur when 6 clerks are working and would be equal to $900. The graph also indicated that there would be no profit made when no clerk is working or when 12 clerks are working, and there will be loss if more than 12 clerks are working. Therefore, the store manager should employ 6 clerks to achieve maximum possible profit at the

Contract Law. Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contract Law. Questions - Essay Example The Advertiser Schmepsi refused to give the reward saying that it was only an advertising gimmick and 'a bit of a joke' Michael wants to know if he has contractual rights against the Schmepsi for the $30 million worth of motor cycles. According to Contract Law, an offer once accepted, it makes a binding contract between offeror and acceptor. In the above case actually the offeror is Michael and not Shemepsi for the following reasons. Generally advertisements are treated as not offers but an invitation to treat i.e. invitation to make an offer. What Schemepsi has done is only an invitation to treat by making an invitation to collect a certain number of coupons in exchange of a prize. Bold, unimaginable, and impractical orders are made in the form of advertisements deliberately to attract attention and not to really be bound by them. Who ever notices such advertisements should not be carried away by them and not make serious commitments based on them as they could always be avoided by the advertisers on the plea that they were only invitation to treat (invitation to bargain in" U.S") (invitation to offer in "India") "An inv "An invitation to treat invites another to make an offer which can be accepted or rejected. In Fisher v. Bell [1961] 1 QB 394 the court held the display of an article for sale is not an offer for sale. Similarly, Pharmaceutical Society of Gt Britain v. Boots Cash Chemists [1953] 1 QB 401 held that displaying goods for sale on a supermarket shelf was not an offer. In Partridge v.Crittenden [1968] 2 All ER 421, Partridge was convicted for offering for sale wild birds by an advertisement in a 'classified advertisements' column but the conviction was quashed since the advertisement was only an invitation to treat. In the same way in Harris v. Nickerson (1873) LR 8 QB286, a broker failed to recover damages for breach of contract after attending an advertised sale when the lots he was interested in were withdrawn. Advertisements by companies may constitute an offer. In Carlill v.Carbolic Smokeball Co. (1893), the defendants in a series of advertisements offered to pay 100 to any person who contracted influenza after using their patent 'smoke ball' three times a day for two weeks and stated that they had deposited 1000 in a bank to meet any claims. The plaintiff sued for 100 and the court held that the deposit of the 1000 indicated an intention to pay claims and that the advertisement was an offer. Brochures, pricelists and so on are invitations to treat, as are quotations" ( Judge, Stephen. Business Law (2nd ed.).New York, NY USA: Palgrave Publishers, 1999.p 113.http://site.ebrary.com/lib/britishcouncilonline/Docid=2003005&ppg=113) To understand more about the concept of Invitation to

Real World Quadratic Functions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Real World Quadratic Functions - Coursework Example This paper will determine the maximum possible profit for the chain store and the number of clerks that will maximize the profit. The parabola will cross the x-axis at 0 and 12. The value of a = -25 is large and negative, indicating that the parabola will be narrow and will open downward. This means that the maximum value will be at the vertex. The x-value for the vertex of the parabola is given by , where a = -25 and b = 300. Figure 1 shows the graph of the Profit function, . The graph of the profit function is a parabola with vertex at (6, 900). As shown in the graph, there will be no profit made when no clerk is working or when 12 clerks are working, and there will be loss if more than 12 clerks are working.. The maximum profit will occur when 6 clerks are working and will be equal to $900. The graph of the profit function is only relevant in the first quadrant, as the value of the x cannot be negative that is negative clerks cannot exist. In conclusion, the daily profit, P of a chain store is related to the number of clerks working that day, x, and is given by the function . This paper used quadratic function to determine the maximum possible profit for the chain store and the number of clerks that will maximize the profit. The graph of the profit function (and also solution) indicated that the maximum profit would occur when 6 clerks are working and would be equal to $900. The graph also indicated that there would be no profit made when no clerk is working or when 12 clerks are working, and there will be loss if more than 12 clerks are working. Therefore, the store manager should employ 6 clerks to achieve maximum possible profit at the

Patton- Fuller Financial Statement Review Essay Example for Free

Patton- Fuller Financial Statement Review Essay The success of any organization is heavily based on its ability to appropriately handle every aspect of its financials. Those aspects include a range of financial activities that include the inflow of cash and the outflow of cash which can be affected by a number of events including the raising of revenue through products or services, investments, purchases, debts and sales to name a few. With the number events that can take place within a particular reporting period, it is important that those transactions be monitored and tracked so that year end reports can reflect the most accurate overview of a the organization’s performance. These events and transactions are recorded and tracked through a number of financial reporting referred to as financial statements. For Patton- Fuller Community Hospital, information regarding its financial activities is included within their Annual Report. This report is compiled from financial statements that include their Balance sheet as December 31 for 2009 and 2008(audited) and the Statement of Revenue and Expense 2009 and 2008 (audited). In addition to the audited balance sheet and the audited statement of revenue and expense, other financial reports were utilized by Patton- Fuller which includes Balance Sheet as December 31 for 2009 unaudited, the Statement of Revenue and Expense 2009 and 2008 (unaudited), the Statement of Retained Earnings and Stockholders’ Equity and the Interim Statement of Income (unaudited) though these reports were not included within the annual report. In comparing the audited and unaudited reports there were differences were observed between the two. For the balance sheets, the unaudited balance sheet reflects $128,867 under total assets whereas the audited sheet reflects $127,867. This difference of $1000.00 is the result of the change in current assets reported under the patient  account receivable whereas the net allowance for bad debts was increased. As a result of this change, the total current assets reported for 2009 changed in addition to the total amount of assets reported. Other differences were observed in the area of total liabilities and equity where the audited balance sheet reflects a decrease of $1000.00 which is a change from the unaudited reporting of $588,767 to $587, 767. In reviewing what the effect was of revenue sources on financial reporting, the facility may have performed determinations based on a contribution margin. Utilizing this would show how the organization has increased or decrease in sales, profits, and assets. Further review of the financial reports indicates that on the Patton Fuller Financial Statement there was a huge negative decrease in the Investment Income. This caused a -123.48% drop. Other sources of revenue showed a positive increase from 2008 to 2009. Further review of the full report reflects that findings that indicate that the sources of revenue and the expenses in 2008 were much lower than 2009. The unaudited expenses show that there was $41,391 difference between the two years. The expenses that increased within the two years were the salaries and benefits of employees, supplies needed, and utilities. Within this time frame from the point where there was a negative impact, the organization was able to increase revenue and turn around what had been a negative into a positive. Patton-Fuller Community Hospital has grouped revenues into one category and expenses into another. All the revenue is what they are making from providing services and the expenses are what they have to pay out to keep the hospital staffed, supplies, and running. Patton-Fuller groups there revenue by care settings and there are only two. Eighty percent of the revenue is from inpatient care and the other twenty percent is from emergency care or outpatient services. This type of grouping allows Patton-Fuller to see exactly what they are making for certain services they provide. All the financial reports generated by Patton- Fuller Community Hospital provide an overview of the company’s activities that will be useful in future planning, controlling, organizing and decision making. In addition, they provide information to internal and external auditors that demonstrate the organization’s ability to properly track funds that are received and dispensed. For other external users such as investors and creditors, these same reports provide financial data that demonstrates how well a company is performing and has performed in  the past. These reports are also important to employees, as the financial health of the organization is used to make determinations regarding raises, expansion and compensation. Overall review of the statements, including the annual report, shows the company’s ability to be transparent to both internal and external users. In doing so their reports serve as valuable tools that allow for improvement and continued growth to occur based on the organization’s mission and goals. References University of Phoenix. (2015). Week Three Learning Team Assignment: Virtual Organizations. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HCS/405- Health Care Financial Accounting course website. Baker, J. Baker, R.W. (2014). Health Care Finance: Basic Tools for Nonfinancial Managers, Fourth Edition. Jones Bartlett Learning. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, HCS/405- Health Care Financial Accounting course website.

Elderly Demographics Research Study

Elderly Demographics Research Study Topic Background Health seeking behaviour is becoming more popular in the field of research study at present time. The use of this, somehow, became the window of opportunity to policymakers in delivering a better health system especially in developing countries1. (Shaik, 2015). This is true among the elderly population since a shift in the pattern of morbidity and mortality was observed in recent years. Non-communicable diseases have become the top leading cause of morbidity. Furthermore, the emergence of lifestyle diseases in urban areas also adds up to the list of morbidity causes. This change contributes to the reluctance of elderly in seeking wellness therefore an obstacle to achieving good health. Health seeking behaviour plays a major role in the effect of their health status and not solely attributed to advancing age 2 (Sangmee Ahn Jo, 2007). A review literature 3(Grundy, 2010) indicated contributing factors that affect decisions of elderly on health. An identified hindrance is the preference of alternative or traditional therapies over formal health care which reportedly delay consultations, and in effect, cause delay of treatment accordingly 4-14. Grundy (2010) further emphasized that despite the variation in health seeking behaviour across regions, continuing studies of this aspect in health care is essential to provide a better picture of the disease process outcome. In this study health-seeking behaviour is defined as the following: the use of alternative or traditional therapies, reported delays in consultation and compliance of prescribed medicine among elderly population. Review of Related Literature Even though the growing population in the Philippines was dominated by the young we cannot ignore the needs of the increasing population of the elderly. The elderly were not given as much attention in the government health programs but the incidence of health problems play a part to the economic burden of households15. (Cecilia Santos-Acuin, 2013). In the 2010 national census it was stated that there were about 92.34 million Filipinos and approximately 5.8M (6.8%) of these belongs to the elderly population. Philippine population projected to increase to 142 million by 2045 and a span of 35 years around 50million people will be added16. (PSA:Population Projection Statistics, 2014)World Health Organization defined elderly according to the three main categories namely chronology, change in social role and change in capabilities .To standardized UN agreed a cutoff of 60 years old and above17. (World Health Organization:Health Statistics and information system, 2015). Health-seeking behaviour among elderly patients varies from each country. In the event of non-consultation or delay consultation among elderly it is obvious that the outcome was associated with adverse medical consequences. In one of the study conducted about managing nutrition among the elderly they pointed out the importance of prevention and early intervention because of the difficulty in treating an individual once the disease was already established4. (Damian Flanagan, 2012). This was also supported by cross-sectional study done in Namibia which the outcome resulted in higher treatment delays. In the study they determined the cause and categorized delay in the treatment as longer delay based on older age, urban residence, and longer walking distance to the nearest public facility, and doing a chest x-ray while having HIV seropositive and formal education determined the shorter delays5. (Kingsley Ukwaja, 2013). One significant Malaysian study focusing among elderly which utilized CAM for natural and safer use found out that non-consultation would contribute to the increasing undiagnosed cases of chronic diseases6.(Shahid Mitha, 2013). Further studies for different ways of treatment were done to substitute for complementary and alternative medicine especially common amongst Asians with elderly multiple co morbidities6 (Shahid Mitha, 2013).A study on DM conducted in Uganda showed that the unavailability of medicines prompted the people to use CAM for treatment and consulted a faith healer especially to those failures to manage DM causing an increase in DM related complications7. (Katarina Hjelm, 2011). Moreover, the elderly in the Philippines use medicinal plants before consulting to health professionals because of its availability, cheaper price than Western drugs, and usefulness in the treatment of various illnesses and to alleviate milder form of illnesses8. People who had chronic multiple morbidity took their medicines in a daily basis to survive, to work normally and to fulfil social work or obligations in the family. Taking multiple tablets in a day is a burden to them9. (Anne Townsend, 2003). One of the study conducted in Malaysia showed that the presence of a particular symptom will only start the usage of prescribed medicine. However, once these symptoms are resolve, medication would also be terminated giving them reason not to take drugs religiously. This will just worsen the disease process and later will lead to multiple admittance. Other studies also pointed out that noncompliance of medicine are due to the fear of drug dependency, multiple side effects and interaction with other drugs.(10). Thus, being more cautious and elaborative in giving instructions to patients who are taking multiple drug regimens should be practiced by health practitioners11. (Isacson D, 2002). A house-hold survey done among elderly Nigerian revealed that regardless of age and sex, family consultation is their first choice of treatment for their illnesses. This somehow increases the morbidity among the elderly population since family members know little about the safety and appropriate treatment for them12. (Abdulraheem, 2007) A cohort study in South Korea using AGE found out that the increase level of awareness and concern about the health of elderly women increases health-care consultation thus, resulted to increased risk of morbidity.2 (Sangmee AhnJo, 2007). In Myanmar, a study conducted to elderly women concluded that low-level of education and income play great role in skipping treatment and self-care13. (Soe Moe, 2012). Similarly, in Bangladesh, younger adult and elderly age group were compared in terms of health seeking behaviour (self-care/self-treatment). It showed no significant difference in health-seeking pattern. Both age group opted self-care/self-treatment as the first line of prevention due to poverty which would explain the increase in morbidity pattern of both.14(Syed Masad Ahmed, 2005). The growing trend of non-communicable diseases is the common cause of morbidity in today’s modern world. This lifestyle related disease can be altered in the future by determining the source of it. Also, health seeking behaviour plays a major role in determining the outcome of health status of an individual. No study on health seeking behaviour and factors that influence the behaviour of our elderly in our locality so a research study would be beneficial in gathering new information. Added to that, our elderly may have different factors towards health seeking behaviour and different morbidity pattern than the others. Research Question This study aims to determine what are the demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly patient 60 years old and above of the Davao Regional Hospital FAMED outpatient department that are associated with their health seeking behaviour? Significance of the study Since health care programs to the elderly is not yet well established in Davao Regional Hospital, the outcome of this study will be the basis of the future recommendation of programs for the elderly in the DRH outpatient department. With this study we will be able to deliver better health services to our elderly patients such as: a. Creating a geriatrics club that would exclusively cater the needs of the elderly patient so that they don’t need to line-up with other patients. This would somehow help lessen their delay in consultation at the same time will increase the need to seek consult to a physician as their first choice of health care giver. b. By incorporating a primary giver as a potential treatment partner for the elderly patients that would monitor and check the elderly patients’ compliance to medicine and assure treatment success. C.Enrolling those elderly patient’s ages 70 years and above residing within 5 km of the hospital premises to a family oriented program .This would benefit those elderly patient’s that cannot visit the hospital due to old age, too sick to move and avoiding too much crowd. A home visit from the assign physician will help lessen their delay in consultation, correct the use of alternative medicine and affect their first choice of care giver. Objective of the study This study general objective is to identify the demographic and clinical characteristics of elderly patient 60 years old and above of the Davao Regional Hospital FAMED outpatient department that are associated with their health seeking behaviour. Specific Objectives To determine respondents socio-demographic and clinical profile. To determine the health seeking behaviour among elderly patients in terms of: Delay in consultation of chief complaint Use of alternative and traditional therapies Compliance of prescribed medicine First choice of health care provider To identify the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patient that would determine their health seeking behaviour. II. Methodology A. Research Design A cross-sectional study will be conducted among elderly patient of Davao Regional Hospital outpatient department. B. Setting This will be done at Davao Regional Hospital outpatient department of Family Medicine sometime in September 1, 2015 to October 31, 2015. The triaging system of Davao Regional Hospital outpatient department starts with a priority number to all with special considerations to the elderly population. All elderly on the senior citizen lane will be distributed to the different departments based on their chief complaint. In this study all respondents triage to the Family Medicine department will be invited to participate. C. Participants The respondents of this study include elderly patients ages 60 years and above willing to participate in this study. All those who are critically ill will be excluded from the study. D. Sampling Procedure A convenience sampling will be done. E. Interventions and Comparisons: Not applicable F. Randomization: Not applicable G. Data Gathering Approval of the CERC board will be obtained first prior to the collection of data. Data will be collected using a three-part standard questionnaire which will be administered through a one on one interview by the FAMED residents rotating at the outpatient department. Independent Variables Part 1 will consist of information about socio-demographic profile like age, sex, highest educational attainment, place of origin and source of funds. Part 2 will consist of the clinical profile of the respondents which includes presence of concomitant chronic diseases and current chief complaint. Dependent Variables Part 3 will be the information about the respondents’ health seeking behaviour and the outcome to be measured. In this study the following health seeking behaviours are explored. First health seeking behaviour is according to delay in consultation which in this study refer as the time from onset of chief complaint to first consult in Davao Regional Hospital FAMED outpatient department. For this study, a delay of 14 days or more from the time of onset of chief complaint to the time that the patient goes to the hospital will be considered as â€Å"longer delay† and a delay of 7 days to 14 days from the time of onset of chief complaint to the time that the patient goes to the hospital will be considered as â€Å"shorter delay† 18-19(Fact sheet Diarrhoel disease, 2013) (Blanca Ochoa, 2002). The second health seeking behaviour is the use of alternative or traditional therapies which are define in this study as the use of herbal medicines, over the counter drugs, acupu ncture, reflexology, hilot and others not part of the conventional medicine before the initial consult referable to the chief complaint. Another health seeking behaviour is the compliance of prescribed medicine which in this study defines as the correct usage of drugs as to dosage, frequency, duration, and timing as prescribed by licensed physician of Davao Regional Hospital in relation to its chief complaint. Last health seeking behaviour is according to the first choice of health care providers. For this study, the first choice of health care providers in relation to its chief complaint. H. Sample size computation Sample size of this study was computed using the software StatCalc from EpiInfo 7. Calculations were based on the following assumptions: [1] 40% of patients aged 70 years (exposure) consult 2 weeks after onset of their chief complaint (outcome); and, [3] there are as many patients aged >70 years as there are patients aged 60-70 years. In a computation of odds ratios of getting the outcome, carried out at a 5% level of significance, a total sample of 194 patients will have 80% power of rejecting null hypothesis (no significant increase or decrease in odds ratio) if the alternative holds. An interim analysis will be done halfway through the recruitment (97%) in order to recompute the ideal sample size. I.Data handling and analysis Data for the study will be encoded in the Microsoft Excel and analyzed using EpiInfo 7. Categorical data will be summarized as frequencies and percentages, and compared. Continuous data will be summarized as means and standard deviations, and compared. Odds ratios of having particular health seeking behaviours will be computed. Level of significance will be set at 5%. Ethical Consideration Prior to participating in the study, the consent of the participant must be obtained. Ethics Review The proponent of the study will secure an approval from the Cluster Ethics Research Committee of Southern Philippines Medical Center prior to doing the research. Informed Consent: Form A written consent is obtained from the potential participants prior to conducting the study. Informed Consent: Signatory The signature of the participant should appear in the consent form. Informed Consent: Witness No witness will be required in order for the informed consent to be binding. Informed Consent: Proxy Consent There will be no proxy consent aside from that of the participant will be allowed. Informed Consent: Process Prior to signing the consent form, the potential participants are informed about the study rationale and objectives. Informed Consent: Timing and Venue The informed consent will be taken prior to the administration of the questionnaire. It will be done in the assigned area of the participant within DRH premises during office or duty hours. Disclosure of Study Objectives, Risks, Benefits and Procedures The participants will be informed of the study objectives, its purpose, its benefits and what is expected of them. They will also be told that there are no risks involved in the study. Remuneration, Reimbursement and Other Benefits No remuneration or reimbursement will be given to the participants. Privacy and Confidentiality The researchers will not disclose the identities of the participants at any time. Only the main proponent of the study has the personal information of the participants. The researchers will not contact the participants after this one time interview. Investigator’s Responsibility It is the investigator’s responsibility to ensure the confidentiality of any information obtained during the research. Specimen Handling N/A Voluntariness and Alternative Options The respondent’s participation in the study will be entirely voluntary. In case the participants wish to withdraw from this study the researchers will respect that decision and there will be no effect in the present and succeeding consultations. Information on Study Results The participants will have access to their data. After the data has been analysed, the overall results will also be made known to the participants. Extent of Use of Study Data At present there are no intended plans to use the data aside from the objectives stated in the protocol. Authorship and Contributorship Jacqueline N. Nuenay, M.D. is the principal investigator and the main author of the study. Dr. Chrysteler Clet is the co-author. Conflicts of Interest The principal investigator and the co-author declare no conflict of interest. Publication The research may be submitted for national and/or international presentation or publication. Funding The main proponent of the study is using personal funds to conduct the study. Duplicate Copy of the Informed Consent Form A duplicate copy of the informed consent form will be provided to the participants of the study. Additional copies can be made on request. Questions and Concerns Regarding the Study The participants will be encouraged by the principal investigator to voice out concerns about their participation in the study. Contact Details The participants of the study will be provided with the cell phone number of the principal investigator. The principal investigator is also available for questions, comments and concerns about the study.