Analysis of Zora Neale Hurston’s Spunk Essay

Zora Neale Hurston’s use of language in her short story Spunk allows the reader to become part of the community in which this story takes place. The story is told from the point of view of the characters, and Hurston writes the dialogue in their broken English dialect. Although the language is somewhat difficult to understand initially, it adds to the mystique of the story. Spunk is a story about a man that steals another man’s wife, kills the woman’s husband and then he ends up dying from an accident at the saw mill. Spunk believed that it was Lena’s husband, Joe Kanty, who shoved him into the circular saw, and the people in the village agreed that Joe Kanty had come back to get revenge. The language used by the characters helps to establish the setting of the story and gives the reader an understanding of why voodoo is a plausible explanation for the outcome. â€Å"Looka theah folkses!† is what Elijah Mosley states to the others in the store. This is the first indication that the characters in this short story are not the most educated, and are probably from some small backwoods town. We quickly get confirmation of this when we learn that he is alerting them that Spunk Banks, a giant, brown-skinned man, â€Å"who aint skeered of nothin’ on God’s green footstool†, is sauntering up the one street in the village, with a small pretty woman clinging lovingly to his arm. Clearly, the store is where people hang out, and everyone knows that the woman with Spunk is Lena Kanty, Joe’s wife. Coming from a large city, I would not expect everyone to know each other, so seeing a couple walking down the street would not be significant to me. In this context however, I understand that something is not right and trouble is coming. When Joe walked in to the store, the talking ceased; the men looked at each other and winked. â€Å"Say, Joe, how’s everything up yo’ way? How’s yo’ wife?† asked Elijah. Spoken like a friend, but it is clear that he is trying to start some mess. â€Å"Aw â€Å"Lige, you oughtn’t to do nothin’ like that† Walter grumbled. This dialogue makes the conflict between Spunk and Joe very clear. Not only does Joe know that his wife is going out with Spunk, but everybody in the town knows. This is a brilliant way to draw the reader into the story; we feel bad for Joe. His pride is at stake and he has no alternative but to take some action against Spunk. Joe knows that his razor is no match for Spunk’s gun, but his back is against the wall. He is the laughing stock of the town because Spunk has made a fool of him. â€Å"Well,† Spunk announced calmly, â€Å"Joe come out there wid  a meatax an’ made me kill him.† The men glared at Elijah, accusingly. His words had pushed Joe to do something and Spunk had killed him. Now that Joe was dead, the expectation would be for Spunk and Lena to move forward with their relationship. â€Å"Joe’s death was a clear case of self defense, the trial was a short one, and Spunk walked out of the court house to freedom again†. Spunk was free, but now the excitement begins. Zora Neale Hurston uses symbolism to introduce the reader to the world of voodoo. Hurston had visited Haiti and Jamaica in the 1930s and had become very interested in the practice of voodoo. Elijah tells us in the story that Spunk sees a black bob-cat that â€Å"looked him in the eye, an’ howled right at him†. The thing got Spunk so nervoused up he couldn’t shoot. Spunk says it was Joe done sneaked back from Hell!† Later in the story, Elijah tells us that Spunk dies from being cut by the saw and Spunk believed that Joe had pushed him in the back. Elijah believed it too. Revenge is a powerful emotion and in this story, it is the best explanation for Spunk’s death. Based on the dynamics of the town, everyone believed it to be possible that Joe caused Spunk’s death. Because they believed it, I believed it. It is their world. Zora Neal Hurston was criticized by other African American writers for her use of dialect and folk speech. Richard Wright was one of her harshest critics and likened Hurston’s technique â€Å"to that of a minstrel show designed to appease a white audience† (www.pbs.org).Given the time frame, the Harlem Renaissance, it is understandable that Zora Neale Hurston may be criticized. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement which redefined how America, and the world, viewed African Americans, so her folk speech could be seen as perpetuating main stream society’s view of African Americans as ignorant and incapable of speaking in complete sentences. However, others, such as philosopher and critic Alain Locke, praised her. He considered Hurston’s â€Å"gift for poetic phrase and rare dialect, a welcome replacement for so much faulty local color fiction about Negroes† (www.pbs.org). The language in this short story allowed the reader to enter this community and gain an understanding of their world.

On Campus or Off Campus Living

On Campus or Off Campus Living If you are a new student and you want to choose between living on campus and living off campus, here some differences between them which may help you in your decision. The first difference is the cost. Normally, off campus housing is more expensive than on campus housing because of the additional charges. When you live off campus, you should pay for your own Internet access, furniture, and kitchen and bath necessities in addition to the rent, so it is a high initial cost.However, on campus housing does not need most of these charges because they are already paid with the rent. The second difference is transportation. If you live on campus, you can easily walk to your classes, libraries, and cafeterias. You do not have to waste your time and money to ride buses or trains or to drive your car to go to the campus. In contrast, you should ride buses or trains or drive your car to go to the campus when you live off campus which means wasting money and time i n addition to the traffic issues if you are living in a crowded area.On campus housing and off campus housing also differ in privacy. On campus housing usually means a shared bedroom, bathroom, and kitchen. It is also means a limited and sometimes not quiet place to study because you share it with others. On the other hand, off campus housing means you own your bedroom, bathroom, and kitchen and also means there is a large enough and quiet enough place to study. The other difference is the social life.Living on campus allows you to make more friends and meet more people than living off campus and also keeps you in touch with any activities that happen on campus, while living off campus probably does not allow you to make more friends or keep in touch with most campus activities. All in all, there are many differences between living on campus and living off campus, so when you want to choose between living on and off campus, classify these differences to advantages and disadvantages depending on your situation. After that, choose which is more advantageous than the other. .

Voluntarily Assuming Liability under the Law of Contract Case Study

Voluntarily Assuming Liability under the Law of Contract - Case Study Example The classic test for the imposition of a duty of care was articulated in Caparo Industries v Dickman. Accordingly, a duty of care will exist only where there is foreseeability, proximity and if the imposition of a duty of care is fair and reasonable in the circumstances.   Norris argues that in applying the test articulated in Caparo, it is necessary to determine whether or not a duty of care was assumed by the defendant and whether or not it was reasonable for the plaintiff to rely on the defendant’s assumption. It is important to note, however, that the assumption of responsibility and reliance on the duty are not conclusive evidence of the existence of a duty of care, but maybe â€Å"one of the ways in which the necessary degree of proximity may arise.† On the facts of the case for discussion, Alan asked John to take his keys from him if he drank too much that night at John’s house. The two proceed to drink two bottles of wine followed by brandy coffee.   It was stated how the wines were proportioned out between them and whether or not Alan drank too much throughout the evening.   Regardless, Alan indicated that he felt able to drive and nothing was made of it.   In any event, it does not appear that the consumption of alcohol had anything to do with the accident.   The fallen tree was the cause of the accident and the main question is whether or not, John’s call to Allan caused him to collide with the fallen tree and whether or not John assumed responsibility for preventing personal injury to John when he placed that telephone call.

Mill and Rawls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Mill and Rawls - Essay Example The essay will compare and contrast accounts of justice in relation to John Rawls and John Mill. Rawls’s book attracted much attention than any other book published in the 20th century. Although the basic model used in constructing the theory seems simple, limitations associated with its scope in addition to the supporting arguments are complex. For instance, Rawls talks about an ideal theory for an orderly society though it has strict compliance. According to Rawls, this is of great help to the society since it helps criticize injustice in the society (Rawls 8). Due to this, Rawls goes ahead to provide principles that help criticize societal injustices. Rawls states that his main objective is coming up with a theory of justice, which will act as an alternative to utilitarian thoughts (Rawls 22). Due to this, not only does he present an alternative theory but also but also criticism that comes along with utilitarianism. The utilitarian theory presented by Rawls comprises of tw o principles; each person ought to have equal rights irrespective of their gender or race when it comes to matters of liberty. Second, both economic and social inequalities ought to be arranged in a manner that they are of benefit to everyone in addition to them being accessible to all (Rawls 60). Later on Rawls further restates the second principle by claiming that inequalities ought to be the greatest benefits especially at least advantaged persons. The basic liberties Rawls addresses in this theory are that citizens should not only have equal liberties but also political in addition to freedom of speech and owning property. Conversely, Mill believed in these liberties, this is because he also argued about them in his book, On Liberty. In my opinion, Mill’s account of justice is better than Rawls’.

Ideal Society in the Republic of Plato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ideal Society in the Republic of Plato - Essay Example Plato's ideal society, among others, is inhabited by three classes, namely, Philosopher Kings, Guardians (soldiers) and Artisans. These three represent three elements in human nature – reason, spirit and appetite respectively. These three elements also have three corresponding virtues – wisdom, courage and temperance. There is an oft quoted saying of Plato where he puts philosophy and wisdom on the highest pedestal in the state. He says â€Å"Until philosophers are kings or the kings and princes of this world have the power of philosophy, cities will never have rest from their evils.†As such, his ideal society comprises the three main classes while his Ideal State is constructed through duly trained Philosopher Kings and Guardians. The training and discipline of philosopher kings is such that they are provided all safeguards preventing them form indulging in any digression vis-à  -vis justice in the state. Justice in the state rests in everyone following oneâ₠¬â„¢s own trade and activity for which one is suited best by nature and training (where required). The concept of justice here is linked to the Greek conception of dike, i.e., the just order. In such an order, each individual with respective and corresponding elements, virtues and metals of bronze, silver and gold is doing ones own job to a level of highest excellence. Justice, for Plato, is this excellence of work pursued in the area of one’s own best suited craft. Duly trained Guardians are to protect this Platonic city from invaders and wrong doers. These soldiers are like watchdogs and faithful to the dictates of philosopher kings and justice. Philosopher kings are the ones who can see the reality, knowledge, truth and justice. They are those who ‘know’. The education system and communism of wives and children helps prevent philosopher kings form indulging in any act of digression away from justice. Philosopher kings have come out like shining pieces of gold from the test of fire. Plato starts from state as an institution and moves to individual in his quest for justice. He considers division of labour and reciprocal needs. In this effort, he even discusses various other forms of government such as democracy, totalitarianism and aristocracy etc. He finds his ideal state as the best possible option among them all. Even entry of private property is also abolished in Republic.

EGT2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

EGT2 - Essay Example We can also say that as the income of a consumer will increase, he will consume less of those goods The coefficient of Cross-price elasticity helps us determine whether the good is complementary or substitute to one another and if the elasticity has negative sign it means that the goods are complementary. Where as if the goods are strong substitutes to each other then there will be a positive sign(this can be easily understand from the example given in part A that there is a positive relationship between price of Pepsi and quantity demand of coke). Similarly, when the elasticity is POSITIVE it means it is a normal good (luxury good). As your income will increase you will demand more branded goods. Instead of a normal coffee you would like to enjoy coffee from Starbucks, designer dresses and Rolex watches. The coefficient of income elasticity for inferior good is always negative. (As income and quantity demand moves in opposite direction). And positive for normal goods (income and quantity demand moves in same direction) All above elasticity of demand plays a significant role in understanding the behavior of consumer or individual under each scenario. We can also predict a possible outcome with the changes in either of the determinant. If the substitute for a particular product is open to a consumer, then the demand would be elastic which means that the increase in price of product ‘A’ will decrease its quantity demanded and people will be willing to consume more of the substitute good as it is cheaper than product ‘A’ and also provides equal utility and vice versa. We know that there is always a positive relationship between price of one good and quantity demanded of the substitute good. Hence if price of a good ‘A’ increases then the quantity demand of its substitute will also increase. The larger is the share of consumer’s budget to a particular good,

Should Life Imprisonment Without The Possibility Of Parole Replace The Research Paper - 1

Should Life Imprisonment Without The Possibility Of Parole Replace The Death Penalty - Research Paper Example Capital punishment is carried forward in several countries to this day through different methods like hanging, gas chambers, torturing, electrocuting and giving lethal injections. Many states of the world practicing this form of justice and have been challenged by human rights organizations for a long time. Proponents of the Death penalty believe that people fear death and if death is the punishment for killing someone, they would refrain from it. They believe that in order to have a just system in place where the victim’s family is put to ease it is important to have an eye for the eye approach. The criminal is guilty of taking someone’s life so he is liable to give up his. If the person is mentally unstable to have done so it makes him more dangerous to the society’s well-being and putting him to death is the only way to ensure such crimes do not take place through his hands again. However, opponents of the death penalty have a strong viewpoint as well. They be lieve that every life is precious and shouldn’t be given up on. If a criminal is guilty committing capital offense he should be subjected to punishments that take away his life figuratively, not literally. Also, many believe that taking away a criminal’s life is too easy on him, the real punishment would be him leading a hard life that prolongs his sufferings for the crime he committed. Executing a death penalty is costly for the governments as such cases are tried for a long time resulting injury expenditures and security arrangements for the courts.  

Should Workers be Allowed to Go on Strike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should Workers be Allowed to Go on Strike - Essay Example Workers strive to achieve their basic rights in the service industry and can use different techniques to persuade the authorities to provide them with these rights. Striking is one form of the persuasion techniques used by the workers to get their rights. In the garment industry, the workers should be allowed to go on strike for the reasons. Workers tend to go on strikes to persuade the authorities into their demands. Some argue that these workers tend to use these strikes in an unfavorable manner, and the strikes should be stopped. However, a worker thinks of this instance â€Å"What if my daily wage was low enough that I could not even feed my family?† In simple words, if the workers are not paid enough to meet their needs then they should at least have a right to appeal against injustice. Strikes allow the workers to appeal to the authorities regarding any of the issues that they face in the workplace. This further shows that workers have a weaker side if the authorities fo rced to implement a decision which is unjust. The strikes can only provide a way to the workers so that they can force the authorities to reconsider their decisions.

Global Context of Modern Business Essay Example for Free

Global Context of Modern Business Essay China is believed to have the oldest continuous civilisation. China has over 4,000 years of provable history. Beijing is the capital of China and is the most important point for the country. The official language is standard Chinese, which is derived from the Mandarin language however most business people speak English. There are many dialects in China however there is only one written language. A communist form of government rules China. The Chinese government promotes atheism although the constitution guarantees freedom of religion. The Chinese practice a variety of religions however Confucianism; despite not being a formal religion is practiced widely throughout the country. China is the most densely populated county in the world with approximately 1. 3 billion people as of mid- 2008. Almost 100 percent of the population are ethnic or Han Chinese. There are strict rules regarding childbirth and each couple is limited to only one child. Opportunities There are lot of trade and investment opportunities for exporters in the China market. Some of the major sectors currently experiencing rapid growth are: processed food and beverages, gambling, transport, IT and telecommunications, minerals and energy, environment protection, building construction products and services. Three of the major growth industries though are the exporting of education, processed food and wine products. Education The foreign education sector in China is split in two students studying abroad and foreign education service providers establishing a presence in Shanghai. The type of students interested in Australia includes those who desire pure language study and those who wish to study university degrees right through to post-graduate/MBA studies etc. As the cost of overseas study remains high, pursuing qualifications through foreign accredited institutions in China has become more practical and more popular. Course delivery can take two forms. One is the foreign school catering exclusively to expatriates, which can be wholly foreign owned and the investor need not be an education entity. The other is a co-operative arrangement or twinning with a Chinese institution where local students are the target markets. These schools are encouraged to provide vocational education. Foreign investors must have a Chinese partner who can lodge an application with the local education authorities for approval. Processed Food As Chinese become more prosperous, demand for more sophisticated products, with a greater emphasis on quality, convenience and freshness continues to grow. This means that significant unsatisfied demand for richly processed foods exists. There has always been a stable market for imported foods in China, especially in respect to hotels, bars and western style restaurants. Increasingly, Chinese consumers themselves are becoming to lay great stress on brand and brand loyalty than before. This means that companies with a strong international brand and aggressive marketing strategies continue to hold large market shares. Foreign companies that have been given permission by the Chinese government to set up supermarket chains include Yaohan, Wellcome, Parkson, Park N Shop, Careful, Pricemart and CHC. These companies are setting up supermarkets in a limited number of locations. Wine Wine is especially popular in the large cities of China (Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou) and has great potential given the increasing disposable income of local people, the health benefits of drinking wine and the government campaign against grain-based alcoholic drinks. However, many Chinese have little knowledge of table wine, and few people can differentiate quality and appreciate the taste. With this in mind, and excellent promotional tool could be wine appreciation and information courses to educate food and beverage managers, restaurant owners and waiters. This would also attract high-income earners and may ultimately stimulate the consumption of quality wine. The Chinese wine market is price sensitive and consequently locally manufactured wine holds the largest market share. French companies are active in setting up joint venture either growing grapes and manufacturing wine or bottling bulk-imported wine. Better quality wine is limited to hotels and restaurants and consumed mostly by Western diners. To successfully sell wine in China, local bottling of bulk-imported wine is considered the most economical and practical way to supply the local market with a competitively priced product. The opportunities arise from rapid economic growth in the worlds largest market and the availability of a cheap manufacturing base from which to sell to China and the world. From a manufacturing perspective, China in the long run will be distinguished by its overall business strength and structure, including the huge investments made to ensure China has a modern competitive manufacturing sector. All businesses need to be clear about whether they want to sell or manufacture in China. Long-term, China business strategies should not be based on the availability of cheap labour this is disappearing as China becomes wealthier. The number of high net-worth individuals on the Chinese mainland has hit a record high and they are continuing to spend, according to the Hurun 2009 Wealth Report. The study found 825,000 mainland Chinese – or one in 1,700 – with a personal wealth of at least US$1 million. And now the rich are more likely to be found in second- and third-tier mainland cities. A new generation of consumers is emerging in China they are young, well educated and familiar with non-Chinese cultures. This Y generation of 240 million, born between 1980 and 1990, is now the highest earning age group in the country and is looking for a new way of life. They typically live in the major cities on the Eastern seaboard of China and in particular in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou where GDP per person is now over US$5,000 but corresponds in Purchasing Power Parity terms to four times that amount. Challenges Starting to do business in China is likely to be more costly and time consuming than in other markets. Challenges arise because of Chinas size, its gold rush style growth and the fact China has a very different business culture and environment from what businesses in other countries are used to. China is different in size, culture, politics, geography, history and economic structure. These issues can present challenges for companies looking to sell or invest in China which can only be overcome by thorough research, spending a lot of time in-market and following a focused business plan. Language and culture barriers The main challenges of doing business in China would be language and culture barriers. Before you visit China, it will be a definitely good idea to prepare yourself by studying aspects of Chinese language, culture, history, and geography. Your hosts will appreciate your initiative. If you speak Chinese, they will really appreciate your efforts and take your initiative of doing business in China more seriously than if you do not speak any of their language. Moreover, your ability of being able to understand Chinese language will help you to establish a successful business. It is essential for the foreign-funded enterprises to understand the China’s culture, especially regarding the culture of Guangxi (relationship), so as to be able to gain the popularity and trust of China population. With a good relationship, business can become smoother and probability of failure will be greatly reduced. Stronger bonds can also be built with the customers, suppliers and partners. In China, Guangxi is a complicated field. A special feature of doing business in China will be that Guangxi will have to include relationship with the government body, investors, partners and even relationship with your own staff, so when doing business in China, it is important for foreign investors to learn to coordinate with the China government, especially establishing good relationship with government bodies dealing with foreign trade and economic cooperation. Government procedures Governmental procedures for foreign investors in establishing investments in China is extremely complicated, thus if one is unfamiliar of the procedures, one will delay his business opportunities. Therefore it is important for one to be familiar with the investment procedures before carrying out his investment in China. A safer and more appropriate way will be to seek help from local organisations familiar in the same field of business or consultant firms who are able to provide professional advice and assistance. Determination and patience may be essential for an investor to be successful, however it is necessary for one to require help from professional bodies to ensure that success will be achieved. Conclusion China’s labour market very much appeals to many foreign investors. This is because on one hand, labour cost is low, and on the other hand China’s workforce has become matured and their skills have been constantly upgraded, especially in the coastal cities. Educational development is undergoing at a wonderful pace in China, thus it is no longer difficult to hire high quality labour force in China today. Many successful foreign investors have even credited their success in China to their China’s local staff. One big problem that is causing headache to foreign investors is how to maintain good relationship (Guangxi) with the local staff. First of all, top management should cultivate the company’s vision and values into the employees because what the local people are taught under China’s educational system may crash with the foreign management system. Thus only by letting the employees understand the company better can allow the company to function better.

Globalization and its impact on the Public Sector Essay Example for Free

Globalization and its impact on the Public Sector Essay INTRODUCTION Globalization can be seen as a new phase of internationalization of forcing companies and countries reciprocally depend on degrees in the past. Here you can have globalization as the third phase of the internationalization of markets, the first of these phases properly called internationalization, ranging from late nineteenth century to the First World War, in which no economic sovereignty and international exchange and the second phase of Globalization, which runs from the end of World War II until about seventy years, time in which multinational companies begin to operate on a truly global basis (Peter, 2006). With the globalization of the modern world, businesses and government entities are forced to confront their results beyond its borders, in the fields of production quality and public administration, being necessary to rethink traditional management schemes within organizations. High competition forces that improve the quality of products and services and modernize the processes required must necessarily create a culture of modernity and innovation, on the staff of the entities in the public and private sector. The goal of globalization is no longer penetration neighboring market, but world trade, and standardizing it is the best instrument to achieve new trade realities. Thus, this brings to light what is public administration, since it is closely linked to what is trade and market. _DISCUSSION_ Administrators agree perceive the organizational environment as uncertain and turbulent of increasing complexity, and draw attention to the shape or style of thinking required to address more effectively the change phenomena. At present, the intensity and speed of global changes in the economic and social environment determines the need to know in advance the direction you point these changes and megatrends. The major changes are slow to form and once installed, its influence is felt for a long time in individuals and organizations. In terms of some management specialists, the adaptability of the organization and therefore their ability to survive depends on its ability to learn and act upon the changeable environmental conditions. In understanding the phenomena that affect the public-private sphere, the State-Society is the major element in understanding the context in which hatch and informational processes and flows of the social world are developed. The State in its historic role as sociopolitical computer centralizer actions and decisions of socio-economic and cultural development of a country, is characterized by being constituted by institutional relevance actors: political parties and groups, trade unions, universities, media communication, among others, all active and engaged in the debate of major national issues participants. In this context, information channels are open and thus in the debate and discussion agendas are present from major structural changes to the discussion of basic problems of society, creating an interaction between all actors identified (Peters, 2001). From the change in the political system two elements characterize the new process: the role of the state comes into question, and the discussion focuses on the redefinition of it. Moreover, the market emerges as a new player with that also produces a redefinition of public-private relationships. The private sector breaks into many fields hitherto proprietary state action, the most notorious health, education and social security, resulting in double circuits of information: public and private. Radical changes in the early affect state-society relations are produced.  The state is directing its own administrative decentralization process and starts a new institutional framework. All these situations create new information flows in new directions and to new target groups. Centralized information becomes part of the State surpassed role. The legitimacy of the information is questionable and of course the reliability of it is also debatable. However, the changes that occur within the state and therefore in society begin to produce positive impacts on productivity levels, service efficiency, technological upgrade that streamlines the bureaucratic processes and a series of other events in the reformulation of the role of the state is designated as a profound reshaping of the state apparatus and at the same time, a substantial improvement of the State, as being able to regulate the production and processing of lead in achieving social equity. _Changes in Management Due to Globalization_ Within this perspective comes hard on the concept of intelligence, applied to the social field in general as well as to a particular organization. Concept defined as the ability to understand and even anticipate the behavior of the various environmental factors that affect or influence negatively or positively the development of a program or project. This advance knowledge is a prerequisite for organizing and planning the activities of organizations and individuals, in order to anticipate, minimize or neutralize impact or influence of changes in the internal activities of the organization and its relations with the surrounding frame of reference . Some organizations have the ability to adapt quickly to change, naturally occurring in the joints between the various work areas. It allows them to survive in the turbulent environment, among other conditions, your creativity or ability to conceive and imagine alternatives and new solutions beyond the traditional frames or thought patterns (Farazmand, 2012). The organization ceases to be regarded as a mechanism and tends to be conceived as a living organism, endowed with intelligence. In this context we can speak of a corporate intelligence internally structure the organizations and allows them to react to changes in their environment also based on the use of information. Such organizations, also known as the third typeenterprises, the authors G. Archier and H Serieyx have the following characteristics: Be constantly alert to events in the environment. Have organizational structures and rules that ensure flexibility and speed of adaptation. Individuals and groups articulate the organization and contribute to their full potential. Each member of the organization is constantly exposed to market pressures and customer expectations. The organizations projects are conceived, shared and accepted by all members of the organization. The work structures are focused on problems without choking the hierarchy. The organization ensures each official smart, useful, challenging work, also investing in the continuing education of staff. _Productive Transformation Process_ The marked acceleration of scientific and technological change brings many challenges in the economic field, the need for flexibility from the production system to make competitive adjustments, to expand trade by way of differentiation. Each country must seek to create in the international market its own space on the basis of new technologies (Farazmand, 2004). In the field of production of goods and services, the world is in one of the greatest moments of innovation and change, based on the knowledge-defined as the most expensive of the products of the modern era. Knowledge management supported by advances in information, computing and communications, offers possibilities of radical change, creating opportunities for new technologies, competitiveness, new markets. In the public sector, production processes undergo changes to adapt to the new demands generated by the private sector in those areas in which the State assumed key roles in development. The scope, variety and extent of the changes, which are generated in the information sector, the new organizational paradigms, should trigger an intensive process of studies and research in the area, so as to make the necessary adjustments in the production processes of information current and / or, when necessary, to design new components in these processes (James Van, 2004). Oriented training human resources policy focuses on the essential aspects of productive transformation: growth and equity. The training of human resources in this context should also increase productivity, support worker flexibility to adapt to the changing needs of the productive sector. Technology policy should aim at strengthening the productive transformation policies and strengthen national and regional innovation system. Must be well integrated with the industrial, agricultural, educational and trade policy. You can achieve your goals if a suitable economic and social environment, since the innovation process has a systemic character and requires several interrelated elements. The strategic dialogue, as proposed by ECLAC, comprises a set of explicit and implicit reaching agreements between the state and the main political and social actors around the productive transformation with equity, and also about the consequences policy and institutional innovations needed to achieve it. The economic transformation strategy posed ECLAC is conceived as part of the conditions of the international economy in the outer and maintaining macroeconomic stability, development financing, maintaining  social cohesion and consolidation of democratic processes within (Gareth, 1988). _Transforming the Work Environment_ Associated with global changes in the organizational structures should be considered external factors: economic, social, political, technological and other as competition, labor market, etc. Such administrative language in examining the opportunities and threats presented by the environment to the organization and its members, comprising also analyze the implications that the forces of change are internal work processes in the organization. The work environment is undergoing major changes due to the impact of external factors among other aspects of the new objectives that organizations are posed by the internationalization of the same, the transition from production companies to utilities, the need for human resources in technologies, by increasing interrelationships of public and private sector, etc. It is argued that the technological revolution affects the levels of employment, working conditions and social organization and the application of computer science, robotics and other automation involving a small group of overspecialized workers and a large number of unqualified workers. However, the forces of change can also arise within the organization or individuals that compose themselves. The work environment of the organization is under pressure from those who want change and those who oppose tenaciously (Robert, 2009). The organization must adapt or fundamentally change strategies and plans created for different situations and contexts. In this scenario, the training of human resources is a must for the new management style component. Learning new technologies and developing new skills conducive to the efficient performance of individuals can not be absent from any policy to improve the work environment. While it is not the intent of this document describe enter multiple situations affecting the organizational structure and respective management approaches in solving  problems, mainstreaming workplace transformation aims to support the understanding of the issues new organizational forms, examining the competitive environment, adaptation to the new, the educational needs of human resources and the occurrence of the information sector in all strategies of the organization. _CONCLUSION_ Globalisation has catalysed the need to accelerate public sector reforms in developing countries and the need to set up correctly-working institutions. The time is ripe for reform. The challenge will be to adapt the model to different social, economic, political, legal and cultural contexts. REFERENCES Farazmand (2012), Chaos and Transformation Theories: Implications for Organization Theory. _Public Organization Review_ 3(4)/2003: 339-372; James Van (2004). Resistance to Change and the Language of Public Organizations:†¦_Public Organization Review_ 4 (1): 47-74. Farazmand (2004). Innovation in Strategic Human Resource Management: Building Capacity in the Age of Globalization. _Public Organization Review_ 4 (1): 3-24. Gareth Morgan (1988). _Riding the Waves of Change._ San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass (HR). Robert Golembiwski (2009). _Handbook of Organizational Behavior_, new edition. NY: Marcel Dekker. French and Bell (1999). _Organization Development_ Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall (HR). Connor and lake, _Managing Organizational Change_, 2nd ed. (1994) Peters, Guy (2001). _The Future of Governing_, 2nd ed., or the latest. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas PressSenge. Peter (2006). _The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of Learning Organization._ NY: Random House/Garden City, NY: Doubleday.Skinner, B.F. (1948, 1986, 2005), _Walden Two_ (small paperback$2-3 online), Hackett Publisher.

Benefits and Applications of Sports Psychology

Benefits and Applications of Sports Psychology 1. Introduction Currently, sport psychologists utilize numerous interventions and techniques intended to enhance the performance of athletes in competition, one of which is the cognitive approach. (Greenspan Feltz, 1989). Focusing on the understanding of information and the relationship between concepts will allow the sports psychologist to be able to enhance teaching, learning, knowledge, regulation and performance. (Glassman Hadad, 2009). 2. Skills Attainment and Performance Enhancement Metacognitive knowledge includes knowledge about oneself as a learner and the factors that might impact performance, knowledge about strategies, and knowledge about when and why to use strategies. This component of metacognition would be used with the novice sports person. An elite sports person would not only utilise metacognitive knowledge but also metacognitive regulation through the monitoring of one’s thinking , planning activities, awareness of understanding and task performance, and evaluation of the effectiveness of monitoring processes and strategies. (Livingston, 1997) 2.1 Novice Sports Person Fitts Posner (1967), advise that there are 3 phases of acquiring new skills: the cognitive phase, associative phase and autonomous phase. During the cognitive phase I would discuss with the client what the mechanics of the sport were such other recognised achievements by other people in that sporting field, environment such as running track or stadium, clothing, physical attributes of how the body performs and the correct techniques, and the movement involved. I would assist the client in in forming a mental picture or as Tolman (1932) describes, a cognitive map of all of the components of the sport and the relationship between them. Practicing the new sport with guidance, corrective action and coach feedback would be used during the associative phase. This would assist the client in developing an understanding of what works for them. During the autonomous phase, the skill in the sport would be mastered and become an automatic response. 2.2 Elite Sports Person: Olympian The overall objective is to equip the athletes with the psychological tools to maximize their chances to perform as close as possible to their potential in the Olympic Games. An elite sportsperson has either an innate ability or has achieved a high level of performance through determination, effort and practice or both. Getting into a flow mindset (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) can help athletes to consistently achieve optimal performance. To enhance performance we would use metacognitive regulation and evaluate the effectiveness of the existent strategies. Suinn (1987) discusses techniques for performance enhancement which includes relaxation training followed by rehearsal using imagery. This type of intervention usually started with an explanation session then training in progressive muscle relaxation that allowed the sports person to alternatively tense and then relax muscles. The use of visualisation and guided imagery may help control pain, reduce anxiety levels, and develop positive attitudes as well as self-awareness. (Handegard et al, 2006). Le Van (2009) discusses how mental imagery impacts many cognitive processes in the brain: motor control, attention, perception, planning, and memory. The brain is also getting trained for actual performance during visualization. 3. Evaluation of Effectiveness To determine effectiveness of the technique, in the case of the novice, I would get them to discuss and reflect on their thinking process (Bransford et al, 2000). We would work through what it means to learn, awareness of one’s strengths and weaknesses with specific skills, plan what’s required to accomplish a specific learning goal or activity, identifying and correcting errors, and preparing ahead for learning processes. The elite sportsperson would be required to undergo debriefing after competition, and reflection on the strategies in action. Monitoring would be used to determine the effectiveness and whether modification or relearning was required for any of the existing strategies. 4. Personal Attainment of a New Skill As an adult I enjoy learning on an as needed basis and as such motivation is never a problem. I learn because something has caused me to want to know more information. My preferred style of learning is a staged approach. At first I prefer to do some reading about a particular topic or set of instructions and then have a teacher/instructor demonstrate the task or activity. I find that participating in an activity with hands-on experience helps to do problem solving and embed the knowledge. I then like to practice the task until it is mastered. I also reflect on each stage and review what I have learnt. My learning style seems to be a combination of many styles: behaviourist, such as mastering the content; cognitivist, where I can problem solve and deal with the facts, and constructivist, where I use reflection (Ertmer Newby, 1993) 5. Conclusion Using a cognitive approach in a learning environment, or to equip athletes with an understanding of their physical and psychological functioning, and building the ability to implement a range of strategies in competition, enables learners as well as athletes to both execute their skills and thrive under pressure as they strive to reach their performance potential. (Anderson, 2014) References Anderson, R. (2014) Faster, higher, psychologically stronger: Sport psychology at the London Olympic Games. Retrieved November 12th 2014 from Australian Psychological Society website: http://www.psychology.org.au/Content.aspx?ID=4986. Bransford, J.D., Brown, A L., and Cocking, R.R. (2000). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper Row. Ertmer, P. and Newby, T. (1993). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6 (4), 50-72. Retrieved November 12th 2014, from http://uow.ico5.janison.com/ed/subjects/edgi911w/readings/ertmerp1.pdf Fitts, P. M., Posner, R. M. I. (1967)Human performance.Oxford, England: Brooks and Cole. Glassman, W.E and Haddad, M (2009) Approaches to Psychology (5th Ed.) Open University Press. Greenspan, M.J. Feltz, D.L. (1989) Psychological Interventions With Athletes in Competitive Situations: A Review. The Sport Psychologist, 3, 219-236 Handegard, L.A., Joyner, A.B., Burke, K.L., Reimann, B. (2006) Relaxation and Guided Imagery in the Sport Rehabilitation Journal of Excellence (11) Retrieved November 11th 2014 from Zone of Excellence website: http://www.zoneofexcellence.ca./Journal/Issue11/index.html LeVan, A.J. (2009) Seeing Is Believing: The Power of Visualization. Retrieved November 12th 2014 from Psychology Today website: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/flourish/200912/seeing-is-believing-the-power-visualization. Livingston, J.A (1997) Metacognition: An Overview. Retrieved November 10th 2014 from State University of New York at Buffalo website: http://gse.buffalo.edu/fas/shuell/cep564/metacog.htm Suinn, R. (1987). Psychological approaches to performance enhancement. In J.R. May M.J. Asken (Eds.), Sport psychology: The psychological health of the athlete (pp. 59-76). New York: PMA Publ. Tolman, E.C. (1932) Purposive Behaviour in Animals and Man. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts

Designing a Metaphysical Zone near the Miami River Essay -- Public Pol

A METAPHYSICAL ZONE We should accept the experimental nature of our prototype; we can push the design as far as our theories will allow, since whatever we produce may be tested by others. Our position within electracy is not unlike that of Plato in literacy, if only in the sense of what we are attempting to do (and not what we have achieved). Plato is credited with being the first person in the Western tradition to isolate and work purely within a conceptual discourse (he invented Philosophy). The first concept to be treated in this fully abstract way is "justice," and in a dialogue such as THE REPUBLIC Plato discusses what justice "is"--asks after its essence, its inner nature, its being--as opposed to dramatizing its dispersed qualities in a series of narrative actions, as the tragedians were still doing, not to mention the status of such a thought in the oral epics. When we isolate the Miami River as a zone, we are raising it to the status of an idea, or even of a category. As the Greeks assimilated literacy, the term eidos evolved from its original usage in Homer--"what one sees," "appearance," "shape"--to the abstract forms ("suprasensible reality, eternal, beyond the merely sensible") (Peters, 46-47). In Plato's metaphysics (his theory of what there is in the world, what is real) a set of eide evolved--the Good, the Beautiful, the One. At first there seemed to be an eidos for each class of things (ethical eide, mathematical eide). Then a hierarchy emerged, with certain final forms (Aristotle called them "categories") that did not mix among themselves, such as Existence, the Same, the Different, Rest, Motion (49). Comment What we are doing is generating an electrate mode of reasoning by means of an extended analogy ... ...rds and meanings most commonly used in such systems ( "If you hear a crow cawing on your righthand side, be very cautious in all you do that day"). Our consulting works this analogy at two levels: first, our zone consists of the Miami River and the movements, positions, identity, and "cries" of its denizens--Haitians, coast guard, Italian taxi drivers, and the like. Second, the form (shape, eidos) of our practice adapts some of the features of divination specific to the Carribean basin, specifically aspects of Santeria and Vodun ritual. We may also find useful parallels with the notion of the augur as "bird watcher," if we think of our interface metaphor of tourism. WORKS CITED Peters, F. E., GREEK PHILOSOPHICAL TERMS: A HISTORICAL LEXICON (New York: NYU, 1967). Telesco, Patricia, FUTURE TELLING: A COMPLETE GUIDE TO DIVINATION (Freedom, CA.: Crossing, 1998).

Sparta, not Athens, won the war against Persia Essay -- History

The Greek victory against Persia was largely due to efforts of mainly Athens but also Sparta as well. Athens was responsible for the major turning points of the Persian invasions, while Sparta was responsible for the deciding battle. Miltiades, with his skilful battle strategies, defeated the Persians during their second invasion at Marathon, which gave Athens a confidence boost on their military. During the third invasion, when the Athenians were evacuated to Salamis, Themistocles had devised a plan to trick the Persians which had resulted in Persian army without a supply line. Sparta?s importance had revealed during their sacrifice at Thermopylae and at Plataea, where they provided the most effective part of the army. Athens was an important contributor to the Persian wars. Its tremendous naval power along with their smart and innovative leaders, Miltiades and Themistocles, brought victory in situations which had thought to be impossible. An example of this is the battle at Marathon during the second invasion. The Athenians met the Persian?s large army among the hills, where their cavalry would ineffective, which was their strongest quality. Miltiades, informed by some Ionians that the Persian cavalry was absent, convinced Callimachus to strike. The battle had resulted in a win for Athens, without the help of Sparta and showed the superiority of the Greek hoplites compared to their Persian counterparts. Miltiades, knowing that the Persian?s strongest troops were placed in the middle and absence of cavalry, devised a strategy to encircle their enemy by strengthening their wings. This strategy is what brought victory, and in turn, was a moral victory for the Athens and eradicated the impression that Persians were unbeatable. Th... ...he Persian army, which gave way for the Spartans to shine at Plataea. So without the Athenian naval ships fighting, the war would have been lost as the Greek superior hoplites would have been outweighed by the incredible numbers of the Persians. The war against the Persians was won by both the efforts of Athens and Sparta, but the contribution made by Athens was much more important. The battles at Marathon and Salamis showed that Athens was not second place to Sparta and was capable of holding up their end of the battle. Sparta?s strength and honor as warriors was also an asset as it helped the battle at Plataea run smoothly for the Greeks. However, Athens efforts in the war were much more vital to the victory than Sparta as their victory at Salamis turn the whole war around, which only then gave a chance for Sparta to finally show their ability as fine warriors.

Adult versus children learning

Although it is my opinion that children and adults differ in the degree to which methods facilitate their learning, I still think that both have the ability to profit from the use of those similar methods. Such strategies as rehearsal and repetition seem to work especially well with children, though less so with adults. I believe this has to do with the fact that children naturally find repetition a diverting exercise, while adults generally dislike doing it. Motivation, therefore, plays a major role in the success of both learners. Such methods of learning as metaphors and imagery would appear to have similar effects on both adults and children. It would seem to me that these methods would work better with adults, who are likely to already possess a schema for much of what is being learned and would thereby be able to make better connections. However, I once read of such learning inhibitors as interference (especially in adult language learning), in which prior knowledge of a language and expectations about learning get in the way of the information to be assimilated (August, 2006). Motivation is also a critical aspect of learning (Zhao & Mogan, 2004). Adults tend to be more motivated when learning, and therefore, in such cases will be able to benefit from methods that might otherwise not be conducive to adult learning. I think the efficacy of such methods as repetition is dependent on the person’s willingness to do it. A motivated adult would therefore benefit from repetition as a learning method. For example, a few summers ago I tried to learn German, and even though I stopped after a few months, I find that the motivation I had at the time caused me to learn quite a few vocabulary words via repetition. This is the same method I used as a child while learning Spanish in high school. As an adult, my motivation was to communicate with a Swiss friend whom I was tutoring; as a child, it was to continue getting some of the highest Spanish grades in my class. Both experiences suggest to me that children and adults tend to learn in similar ways. References August, G. (2006). â€Å"So, what’s behind adult English second-language reading?† Bilingual    Research Journal. 30(2), 245-264. Zhao & Morgan. (2004). â€Å"Consideration of Age in L2 Attainment – Children, Adolescents and Adults.† Asian EFL Journal. 6(4), 1-13.

A Portrait of Mona Lisa

Art is a traditional work that is painted in many different pattern of objects. Many people create portraits of art as an expression of how they feel. In the modern world, art is shown in different cities, subways, parks and etc. The greatest art was created in the early century and was called a masterpiece. This portrait was known as the greatest masterpiece ever to be painted. It was painted in the ass's. The way Leonardo Dad Vinci used the lines in the painting was extraordinary.The lines is one f the most important elements of art that abstracted into a great piece of work. The lines did not illustrate any pattern of moving. The lines were mostly a combination of vertical, horizontal, diagonal, and contour lines. Many lines were cured and straight. The lines also varied in thickness. The painting had a variety of color, texture, and continuity. While viewing the picture, I did not notice any gesture lines in which would indicate action of movement of the woman. The artist did a g ood Job of outlining and use contour lines to make the painting a more 3 dimensional. The lady in the portrait had a mystifying gaze.Dad Vinci used a shadowing technique at the corners of her lips and eyes that made her look like a real human. This was a new trend in art at this time period. The landscape faded to create depth in the background. The landscape was uneven on both sides of the lady in the center of the portrait. The painting is meaningful because Leonardo Dad Vinci created a new pose that still exist until this day. At that time period artist only used full length or side view portrait unlike the â€Å"Mona Lisa. † This emphasized evolution in art and inspired other great art forms to be created. Leonardo truly captured the beauty of the lady e painted.Her posture magnetite the viewer's eyes to her face. The way her hands cross with her shoulders. This is what made the portrait a masterpiece. This masterpiece is very unique and stands out a piece of art that cha nged art for many years to come. In conclusion, Dad Vinci created an ordinary picture that became a beautiful masterpiece. The Mona Lisa was a well- known piece of artwork all over the world. He created many other drawings that he was recognized for. Dad Vinci was a great painter but what made him famous was his drawings. Reference 1 . Www. Tautologically. Com/Mona-Lisa By mysterious

My Blankie

My name probably should have been Linus, from The Peanuts, instead of Clara because I packed with my baby blankie everywhere with me until I was eleven years old. The front was turquoise blue with crazy colored jungle animals: there were pink lions, orange elephants, green hippopotamus, yellow monkeys, and purple giraffes. The back was bright orange and it was stuffed with the softest cotton batting. My Grandmother made it for me and from the day I was born it never left my side. My blankie was my best friend, it was always there to make me feel safe, and to protect me at night. Most days we would play dolls together. Then sometimes when I wanted to be a super hero I would tie my blankie around my neck and we would run around the yard. It was even my parachute the day I decided to jump off of the roof of the barn. (That is a long story for a different day). At night when my Mom would tuck me into bed I would snuggle my blankie under my chin; as I was falling asleep I would rub its fluffy softness against my cheek . It was there to protect me from my sister’s scary bedtime stories, thunderstorms, and the monsters under the bed. As long as my blankie was near me, I was invincible. As I grew up I stopped playing with my blankie. Even though I slept with it at night I realized I wasn’t going to be able to keep it with me forever. My sister teased me all the time that only babies sleep with blankies and my Mom kept telling me that I needed to throw that â€Å"old thing† way. By the time I was eleven my blankie was looking pretty worse for wear. The batting was all balled up in clumps and there were holes in it where the material was disintegrating. This is when I finally decided it was time to store my blankie away not because I didn’t need it any more but because I didn’t want to destroy something I loved so much. I really missed my dear friend on the nights when the monsters and thunder storms seemed overwhelming. Unlike Linus, I eventually outgrew my security blanket but I never forgot it. I still have it safely tucked away in a protective box under my bed, along with some other mementos that were important to me growing up. There have been times in my life that it would have been nice to have a built in friend that wouldn’t judge me for the way I looked or leave me behind if we had a disagreement; to have that warm sense of security to cuddle up with at night. If it were within my means I would make blankies for everyone because life is too short to not have one small shred of hope, an ounce of confidence, or a sense of security.

Factors Contributing to the Growth of Enterprise and Small Business Essay

For example: – In USA small businesses represents 99. 7% of all employers, it represents 26% of America’s exports and they create 80% new jobs each year. Growth and success of a business can be measured on many different variables which also includes annual turnover, profit and employment growth. As in other businesses small businesses have been helped by factors which had contributed to its growth. Growth in small businesses has been aided by policy measures by the government which has supported these small businesses, the macro-economic factors, industry factors and firm-specific factors. Having the intention, the ability to setup and grow, getting the right opportunity, easy access to finance, favorable rules and regulations and market conditions which are aimed at small businesses have also led to the growth of these businesses. People are motivated to start their own business where they have greater control of the business, can stay independent , can manage the business in their own way, the financial freedom, the potential income they can earn as their aims are to reach the top of the table, the amount of financial gains they achieve and the joy of winning which is driving factors for the entrepreneurs as it helps satisfy their achievement instincts. Everybody wants to be their own boss and this is also one of the factors for starting up your own business. Lucy Martin, author of â€Å"Make it your Business† said â€Å"Whatever your situation, there is likely to be a combination of ‘push’ factors (propelling you out of current jobs and situations) and ‘pull’ factors (which attract you to self employment)†. Countries with low income or in developing countries more small businesses are being setup because of the push factor as there is a high number of unemployment and people are forced to start-up their own business. In high income countries or developed countries small businesses are increasing due to the pull factor as more and ore people are interested in setting up their own business go become independent. [pic] Sometimes businesses fail or people get frustrated and it is at this time that they need to remind themselves what motivated them to start their own business and this motivation and dedication has led to their growth and success. According to Schumpeter entrepreneur is an innovator as h e/she brings about a change and introduces new technological processes or products and brings in new ideas which are necessary for a business to grow. He also said that only certain people have the ability to become an entrepreneur and to perform extraordinary tasks. Small businesses are the ones that tend to grow faster than large businesses. They indicate higher number of employment growth. Small businesses accounts for more than 50% of the employers in European Economies. France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Germany and UK are the leading economies of the European Union where small Businesses have been thriving for the past two decades and where small businesses accounts for more than 50% of the total employment. In Greece small businesses accounts for as much as 86% of the number of people employed. In 1998, a charter for small business was adopted by European Council which has helped in the huge number of growth in small businesses. Banks are the main source of lending for small businesses and they depend a lot on them for support and cooperation. HSBC was one of the banks which started recognizing small businesses as one of main force in the economy. In UK small business employ about 12 million people so as to recognize and reward these small businesses HSBC launched an award in 1997 Known as â€Å"HSBC small business of the year Award†. HSBC started a new loan program called â€Å"SMALL BUSINESS LOAN† which was quick and easy to arrange loan facility for long term use and had many key benefits. Customers can choose to make their first repayment either one month after taking the borrowing or defer the first repayment until three months after drawing down the loan, Customers had the flexibility to choose the repayment period which was between 12 months and 10 years, the interest rate and repayments will be fixed for the life of the loan. HSBC recently launched a $5 billion working capital fund to ensure small businesses had access to credit during the current economic crisis. In 2008 alone more than 32,000 small businesses have switched to HSBC because of higher lending fees and banks reluctant to extend loans. Growth of small businesses depends on the type of business they are doing, location of the business (a retail shop should be better placed in the residential area) and most importantly the ownership of the business. Governments in some countries (UAE, Saudi Arabia) have gone as far as allocating lands to small business owners; small businesses are encouraged to setup as the government provides 5 years of tax free operation to businesses with potential growth and they provide financial assistance with low interest rates as well as assign a team to monitor the growth of the businesses. Rental and electricity charges are lower for small firms and the government is also getting small construction businesses to get involved in the construction industry by giving them subcontracts for some of the projects. In UK the government started a programme called â€Å"The Business Support Simplification Programme (BSSP)† which aims to make it easier for small companies and entrepreneurs to understand and access government funded grants, subsidies and advice with which to start and grow their businesses. Small Businesses were given incentives and taxes were lowered so as to help them setup. Setting up of this programme had a huge influence on the growth of small Businesses. In March 2008 the Government launched the Enterprise Strategy. The Strategy’s vision is to make the UK the most enterprising economy in the world and the best place to start and grow a business. It was designed to unbolt the entrepreneurship talents in UK, provide a boost to enterprise knowledge and skills, support new and existing small business getting access to funding for start-up and growth and decrease the burden of regulations in place particularly for small firms. The government wants a culture of enterprise and business innovation which will have a great effect on the economic growth. This new strategy has strengthened the Government upport to small businesses and has allowed SME’s to set up more easily and with a proper regulatory body monitoring the growth. Small Businesses are flexible, more focused, specialized and creative and these are some of the reasons why there is an increase in the number of small businesses . Flexibility is what drives some people to start their own business. For example: – (if a person is expert in any subject, field or have some extraordinary skills he/she can work as a consultant where the work timings are set by him/her self and the amount of time spent also). Growth in business demands creativity. It is what will separate you from the competition. A business had to be different as this is the best way to create awareness. Being different and greater creativity are also the factors which has influenced the growth of small businesses. Being innovative and inventing new things is also a factor which drives people to start their own business. People would have some different business idea of doing something in a different way and this leads to creativity and innovation. Small businesses are easy to setup as the cost of starting up is not very high. Government supports the setup of small business because they want to break the monopoly in the market and there will be a decrease in the number of unemployed as more and more people will become self-employed. Lower opportunity cost also attracts people towards entrepreneurship. Economies with high unemployment can be pushed towards entrepreneurship. Examples are Brazil and India. Some people would like to pursue a particular desire or hobby so they enter in to entrepreneurship, it can be leisure driven and it gives flexibility to the owner as there can be work-life balance. More and more specialized people are starting their own business in the field they specialize as they can deliver better services and products. Specializing in a particular product or service gives you the upper hand in the market you are in as you will have the skills and knowledge of the product you are manufacturing or selling. Specialization has also led professional people or extra ordinary skilled people in to starting up their own business. Gaining inspiration from famous entrepreneurs have also led to the factor that people are ready to start up their own business thinking one day they might be like Donald Trump, Hugh Heffner or Richard Branson. Becoming famous and wanting to be recognized in the world is also a strong feeling which had pulled people towards entrepreneurship as there is a strong desire attached with it to pursue their perceived goals. Gaining fame and recognition is one of the strong factors which have led people to start their own business. In general, I conclude by saying that small businesses have been growing because they thrive for independence and the owners usually have a feel good factor while running their own business. It gives them a chance to show the level of creativity in them as they won’t be able to do so while working in other companies. Small Businesses are the key to innovation and without their support the economy would fail drastically. Growth of Small Businesses can be affected due to the current economic crisis but government and banks should support and back small businesses to survive this crisis. Banks like HSBC are already committed to supporting small businesses in this economic crisis and as more and more people getting unemployed governments should give incentives and grants and promote the setup of new businesses and provide assistance and advice on main issues surrounding the small businesses. Small Businesses are not always successful but having proper business idea and creative mind plus knowledge of market will help the entrepreneurs in getting their business on the right track. As SCHUMPTER proposed that it was the exceptional creative drive of independent entrepreneurs that led to the introduction of radical new products and the creation of new industries. This radical drive to invent, innovate and create something which is new to everyone has been one of the major factors in the growth of Small and medium sized businesses (SME’s).

Blacks Of The Bible Essay Research Paper

Blacks Of The Bible Essay, Research Paper Blacks of the Bible Any effort to set up a universally recognized statement as to the presence of inkinesss in the Old Testament would be futile for several grounds. First, current definitions of a black or Negro individual may differ greatly dependent on the context of their use, and hence any survey aimed to demo the presence of inkinesss in the Bible would be limited to the definition used by either the writer or the reader of such a survey. Besides, the construct of race defined on a footing of skin colour entirely has been the comparatively immature creative activity of the Euro-centric western universe, station seventeenth century. Due to this fact, it is sometimes hard to find clearly the race of assorted peoples or individuals in the Bible ; the people of scriptural times do non portion the same construct of race that we carry today. In fact the Hebrew peoples themselves seem non to be of a pure racial strain of any colour, but instead the family tree of the Hebrew people, as will be shown subsequently, seems to be scattered with interracial matrimonies and people of most all races including the Negro race. Therefore, it is non my effort with this essay to show an thorough or important history of all the black peoples and individuals in the Old Testament. Rather it was my hope to get down to research the significance people of the Negro race clasp in these ancient texts, to happen out the function that these people held in the rise and autumn of the Hebrew state, and the portion that was played by Negroes in the working out of God? s will for his people. The history that I will supply is based most mostly on similar surveies presented by Afro-american scriptural bookmans Cain Hope Felder and Charles B. Copher. However, I have non taken the words of these work forces without a grain of salt, and I was certain to read their survey with their book in one manus and the Bible in the other. What I found was that people of dark tegument played an of import function in merely about every coevals dating about back to God? s creative activity of adult male. I had expected to happen a few scattered mentions to African peoples or a few random histories of persons who had traveled from the African continent, but my survey revealed that people of dark tegument, who really good may be considered black by today? s racial criterions, were found scattered about the states of the ancient universe. Beginnings of the Negro Race One of the first or most obvious inquiries that may be asked when get downing to look for the presence of inkinesss in the Old Testament is with respect to the beginning of dark skinned races. A logical topographic point to get down this hunt may be in the tabular array of states presented in Genesis 10:1-14 and once more listed in 1 Histories 1:8-16. This list begins with Noah and histories for the dispersing of his boies to get down repopulating the Earth after the great inundation history in Genesis. In this tabular array of states we find that two of the named boies of Ham are known dark skinned races. These being the posterities of Cush and the posterities of Canaan. The most normally accepted ground for the sudden visual aspect dark tegument within the family tree is related to the expletive Noah set upon Ham in Genesis 9:25-27. Although non explicitly stated in the text, it is by and large accepted that Ham? s tegument was turned dark as a consequence of this expletive, and hi s posterities were so destined to transport the same grade. There are, nevertheless, other hypotheses for the beginning of the black races. The first of these theories, expressed in antediluvian Babylonian myth, suggests that Ham defiled himself in a sexual act with the Canis familiaris while on the Ark. For this act of befoulment, expletives were placed on both the Canis familiaris and Ham. Ham? s expletive was that he and his posterities would be black-skinned. The following theory suggests that the Negro race really began back with Adam and Eve? s foremost boy Cain, who was turned black by the ashes of his inappropriate offering to God. The theory that Cain was in fact the male parent of the Negro race was a slightly prevailing idea among Europeans back every bit far as the twelfth century, and perchance farther as Cain? s posterities are depicted as black skinned in the narrative of Beowulf. However, this theory has merely been made philosophy in the Mormon church. This theory is closely tied to the narrative of Ham, by proposing that Ham took a descendent of Cain as his married woman, thereby bring forthing dark skinned offspring in Cush and Canaan. Still others theorize that the tabular array of states shown in Genesis and 1 Corinthians is a list of states that is merely inclusive of the states within the range of cognition of the writer, and in fact all of the races listed there are Caucasoid races. Among those excluded from this list would be the Indians, Chinese, Mongolians, Malaysians, and the Negroes. The theory suggests that there were other races of independent line of descent that were unknown to the writer at the clip of the Hagiographas. It seems that this would be strongly discredited by the established ideal that the great inundation was intended to pass over all people from the Earth, salvage Noah? s household. It would thereby be assumed that all races of the Earth are descendent of Noah. Whatever the account for the beginning of dark skinned races, Negro people clearly have been descendent of Noah? s boy Ham, and it is told in Genesis that Ham? s offspring were those who settled and built such great ancient metropoliss as Babylon, Nineveh, Sodom, and Gomorrah. In the Patriarchal Period Harmonizing to Genesis 11:31 Abraham, so Abram, was born and raised in the metropolis of Ur of the Chaldeans, whose dwellers included many dark skinned people descendant most likely from Babylonian colonists. Included among these people were the Sumarian people who referred to themselves as the # 8220 ; black headed 1s, # 8221 ; indicative of tegument colour non merely black hair. Abram took his married woman Sarai while still populating in Ur. Granted there is no expressed indicant that either Abraham or his married woman was born into a household with Negro heritage, but the great black presence in the part of his household? s beginning surely means that one must at least entertain that possibility. So it would be sensible to believe that the great patriarch himself, the male parent of the Hebrew people, may hold had some black blood in him. Regardless of the presence of Negro blood in Abraham? s line of descent it is surely clear that he had much contact with dark skinned people in the clip that he and Sarah spent in Egypt and Canaan. Both of these countries were settled by the posterities of Ham, and were inhabited most mostly by dark skinned people. Abraham and Sarah took an Egyptian housemaid named Hagar when they headed to Canaan, out of Egypt. It was subsequently through the Egyptian, Hagar, that Abraham bore his first boy Ishmael. Because Ishmael was born outside God? s compact with Abraham, he and his female parent were finally sent off, but they settled in the part merely E of Egypt and it is by and large believed that he took an Egyptian married woman and fathered the Arab race. In Egypt and the Exodus Egypt was a land of people of all colourss, but it has become more and more evident in recent scholarship that the great state of Egypt has been more a derived function of the African states descendant of Cush than of any in-between eastern peoples. In add-on to this, although most Egyptians were non as dark skinned as their Ethiopian neighbours to the South, the huge bulk of Egyptians had adequate black blood in them that they would surely hold been considered Negroes by most any definition used today. This fact is merely reinforced by the observation that the Psalms repeatedly poetically refer to Egypt as # 8220 ; the land of Ham # 8221 ; ( Ps. 78:51, 105:23, 106:22 ) . It must be remembered besides that the Hebrew people lived in bondage in Egypt for over four hundred old ages. Coevals after coevals of Hebrew was born, lived, died and was buried in the land of the Egyptian. During this extended clip period there is indi cation of at least a smattering of Hebrew adult females being taken by Egyptian work forces for a married woman, and one of Pharaoh? s girls, Bithiah, married a Hebrew adult male, and their kids are included among the kins of Judah after the expatriate, in 1 Histories 4:17-18. Through all the coevalss that came and passed while in the land of Egypt it is certain that some of these people came out of the land with a assorted heritage. A perfect illustration of this assorted heritage is in the blood line of Moses. Many of the members of Moses? household bear distinctively Egyptian names, most notably: Aaron, Hophni, Merari, Miriam, Putiel, Phinehas, and even the name of Moses himself. While most of these names may perchance hold been picked by opportunity and non to propose Egyptian, or Negro blood, the name Phinehas stands out as a possible index of the black blood that ran in Moses household. Eleazar, Moses nephew through his brother Aaron, named his first born Phinehas ( Ex. 6:25 ) which literally means # 8220 ; the Nubian # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; the Negro. # 8221 ; In add-on to the possibility of black blood running in Moses? lineage it without a uncertainty ran through his posterities, through his Midian married woman Zipporah. At one point after the flight from Egypt, Aaron and Miriam really spoke unfavourably of Moses and his # 8220 ; Cu*censored*e # 8221 ; married woman, Zipporah ( Num. 12:1 ) . In Israel and Judah Through the clip of the Judges we continue to see the outgrowth of Egyptian heritage in the blood lines of Moses and Aaron. The history of Eli and his two boies, from Aaron? s line, in 1 Samuel chapters 1 and 2, shows another illustration of Hebrew leaders with distinctively Egyptian names. In fact, Eli? s boies are named Hophni and, interestingly plenty, Phinehas, once more proposing a unequivocal black visual aspect. During the period of the incorporate Israel, there are several mentions to African or Cu*censored*e adult females that occur during Solomon? s reign. First is the history of Solomon? s favourite married woman, and Egyptian adult female. Offered to Solomon as confidence of an confederation with Egypt ( 1 Kgs. 3:1 ) , this nameless married woman was really Pharaoh? s girl. Many suggest that this is the same maiden that is written of in Solomon? s Song of Songs. Although the true individuality of this married woman unknown, other theories associate her with Moses? Cu*censored*e married woman, or suggest that it may hold been Abishag the Shunammite virgin that was brought to King David to soothe him in his old age and who was so inherited by Solomon upon David? s decease. No affair what the existent name of the inaugural written of in Song of Songs, this adult female was most surely dark skinned ( SS 1:5-6 ) . The following history that we find sing a black person during the clip of the incorporate Israel is that history of the Queen of Sheba, given in both 1 Kings 10:1-13 and 1 Chronicles 9:1-12. This queen over a part most likely found in southwest Arabia or Africa was most decidedly of African descent and had heard of Solomon? s great wisdom spoken of in her land. She came to Israel with rather a noteworthy train, genuinely demoing her wealth and power. She spent some clip with King Solomon inquiring him all of the inquiries that had been on her head. There was nil that he could non explicate to her, and she left rather impressed with the male monarch. The visual aspect of this queen is surely important as it relates to the black presence in the bible, as this is the first black adult female shown in a noteworthy place of power, and she is portrayed in a most positive and respectable mode. Through the clip of the Prophetss during the split lands of Judah and Israel, the lone mention to people of a Negro blood outside of the assorted Hebrew race is limited to occupying ground forcess and prognostications sing the autumn of the great African lands of Egypt and Ethiopia. These invasions and prognostications continued after the autumn of Israel, during the staying being of Judah, but there are a few noteworthy references. In the book of Amos the people of Israel are compared to the Cu*censored*es of the Ethiopian imperium. Traditional Euro-centric scholarship has interpreted verse 9:7 to propose that the Lord is looking instead unfavourably upon Israel, comparing them to a distant and detested people. However, it does non take much excavation to recognize that the Ethiopian land was at its prime at the clip when Amos was vaticinating. In the context of the transition, where God is reflecting on all the times that he has blessed Israel and picked her out of the quag, it see ms more appropriate that the mention to the Cu*censored*es is made to connote that God has non left the people and in fact he seems to assure that he bless them in the same mode that he has blessed the Ethiopian imperium of that peculiar dynasty. The book of Zephaniah provides a alone expression at the black presence in the Old Testament, through the suggestion that the writer himself may be dark skinned. The family tree that is given in Zephaniah 1:1 hints his blood line back four coevalss to Hezekiah, most likely the Judean male monarch. The most interesting portion of the family tree is non, nevertheless, the possible relation of the prophesier to Hezekiah, but instead his male parent? s name, Cushi. As is the instance with any scriptural inquiry where there is no expressed mention to the adult male? s race, there are multiple theories that attempt to explicate the name, or the mention, or the inclusion of the family tree in a mode as to wipe out the presence of black blood in one of the writers of the Bible. However, it seems that we have already shown that the Hebrew race was a assorted race, and with the full cognition of the scriptural tradition of names keeping important significance, it seems no stretch of the imagin ativeness to propose that Cushi was in fact a native Judean, but more than that, he was a most likely a Judean who besides happened to be a black adult male. Knowing that Zephaniah was born to Cushi, it seems merely logical that he excessively would be a native black Judean adult male, who the Lord spoke through as one of the minor Prophetss. After the autumn of Judah, there seem to be no more outstanding figures spoken of who had a definite black heritage, but through the expatriate the prognostications abound refering Egypt and Ethiopia? s autumn and ulterior reemergence. However, it may be worthy to observe that this period of expatriate took topographic point in Babylonia, whose native people were straight descendant of Cush. What Does it Mean?# 8220 ; It appears in literature from many periods of Old Testament history: in historical histories and prophetic prophets ; in Psalms and in the literature of love, the Song of Songs. From slaves to swayers, from tribunal functionaries to writers who wrote parts of the Old Testament itself, from lawmakers to Prophetss, black peoples and their lands and single black individuals appear legion times. In the venas of the Hebrew-Isrealite-Judahite-Jewish people flowed black blood. # 8221 ; This quotation mark Charles B. Copher used to shut his survey on the presence of the black/Negro in the Old Testament, and it seems the most appropriate manner to shut this essay every bit good. The black adult male and the black adult female played a critical function in the narrative of God? s people. The Negro was a portion of the narrative non merely as a friend at times or enemies at others, break ones back one coevals and maestro the following, but the black races besides fre quently played the portion of brother and sister, male parent and female parent, boy and girl. The narrative of the Hebrew is non the narrative of a purely Caucasic race that lived contemning his distant Negro neighbours. Rather the narrative of the Hebrew is the narrative of a assorted race of people, non concerned with a colour defined race, but unified under a common God through good times and bad, whether slave or free. Bibliography Felder, Cain Hope. Stony the Road We Trod: African American Biblical Interpretation. Fortress Press: Minneapolis, MN. 1991 The Holy Bible: New International Version. Broadman A ; Holman Publishers: Nashville, TN. 1986 New Bible Dictionary: Third Edition. Inter-Varsity Press: Leicester, England. 1996 32d

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In different ways Beckett and Heaney are both concerned with the Essay

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